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  1. How to surround a selected value with double quotes?

    Subramanian,Ramachandran <ramachandran.subramanian@alte-leipziger.de> — 2026-06-22T07:46:09Z

    Hello,

  I wrote a script to analyze and run vacuum on tables that need it.

Sadly at the time I wrote the script, I never expected a schema name to be pure numbers.

So my Script does not work now.

I want to add double quote marks to each schema name and table name select. I tried using the CONCAT function, but it does not work as I expected it to.

I would be grateful if someone can help me understand the mistake I am making with the CONCAT.

Regards

Ram


The table 7464128.locale_7464128 in database data listening on port 5432 with size 303104 must be vacuumed . It has a XID gap of 5616
Use the command psql -p 5432 -d data -c " vacuum freeze 7464128.locale_7464128"
ERROR:  trailing junk after numeric literal at or near "7464128.locale_7464128"
LINE 1:  vacuum freeze analyze 7464128.locale_7464128


                              ^
data=# \dt *.locale_7464128
              List of relations
Schema  |      Name      | Type  |  Owner
---------+----------------+-------+----------
7464128 | locale_7464128 | table | postgres
(1 row)

data=# vacuum freeze analyze 7464128.locale_7464128 ;
ERROR:  trailing junk after numeric literal at or near "7464128.locale_7464128"
LINE 1: vacuum freeze analyze 7464128.locale_7464128 ;
                              ^
data=# vacuum freeze analyze "7464128"."locale_7464128" ;
VACUUM
data=# \q


#Build the SQL needed to get the list of tables that are approaching the SAFE_XID_GAP
LIST_OLDEST_UNFROZEN_XID_SQL=" SELECT   \
       cast (age(PGCL.relfrozenxid) as integer) as GAP, \
       INTB.table_catalog as DB_NAME,   \
       "$PORT_NO" , \
       CONCAT('"',INTB.table_schema,'"') || '.' ||  \
       CONCAT('"',PGCL.relname,'"') as TABLE_NAME,      \
       pg_table_size(PGCL.oid) as TABLE_SIZE \
FROM                                                         \
      pg_class PGCL,                                         \
      information_schema.tables INTB                         \
WHERE                                                        \
     PGCL.relname=INTB.table_name                            \
AND                                                          \
     PGCL.relkind='r'                                       \
AND                                                          \
     age(PGCL.relfrozenxid)  > "$SAFE_XID_GAP" \
ORDER BY                                                    \
        1 DESC ;"


Freundliche Grüße

i. A. Ramachandran Subramanian
Zentralbereich Informationstechnologie

Alte Leipziger Lebensversicherung a.G.


Hallesche Krankenversicherung a.G.





Alte Leipziger Lebensversicherung a.G., Alte Leipziger-Platz 1, 61440 Oberursel
Vors. des Aufsichtsrats: Dr. Walter Botermann · Vorstand: Christoph Bohn (Vors.), Dr. Jürgen Bierbaum (stv. Vors.), Frank Kettnaker, Dr. Jochen Kriegmeier, Alexander Mayer, Christian Pape, Wiltrud Pekarek, Udo Wilcsek
Sitz Oberursel (Taunus) · Rechtsform VVaG · Amtsgericht Bad Homburg v. d. H. HRB 1583 · USt.-IdNr. DE 114106814





 
Hallesche Krankenversicherung a.G.,  Löffelstraße 34-38, 70597 Stuttgart
Vors. des Aufsichtsrats: Dr. Walter Botermann · Vorstand: Christoph Bohn (Vors.), Dr. Jürgen Bierbaum (stv. Vors.), Frank Kettnaker, Dr. Jochen Kriegmeier, Alexander Mayer, Christian Pape,
Wiltrud Pekarek, Udo Wilcsek
Sitz Stuttgart · Rechtsform VVaG · Amtsgericht Stuttgart HRB 2686 · USt.-IdNr. DE 147802285
Beiträge zu privaten Kranken- und Pflegekrankenversicherungen unterliegen nicht der Versicherungsteuer (§ 4 Nr. 5 VersStG) · Versicherungsleistungen sowie Umsätze aus Versicherungsvertreter-/Maklertätigkeiten sind umsatzsteuerfrei
 



 
Die Pflichtangaben der ALH Gruppe gemäß § 35a GmbHG bzw. § 80 AktG finden Sie hier: https://www.alte-leipziger.de/impressum 





______________________

ALH Gruppe
Alte Leipziger-Platz 1, 61440 Oberursel
Tel.: +49 (6171) 66-4882
Fax: +49 (6171) 66-800-4882
E-Mail: ramachandran.subramanian@alte-leipziger.de
www.alte-leipziger.de
www.hallesche.de

  2. Re: How to surround a selected value with double quotes?

    Laurenz Albe <laurenz.albe@cybertec.at> — 2026-06-22T08:26:24Z

    On Mon, 2026-06-22 at 07:46 +0000, Subramanian,Ramachandran wrote:
> I wrote a script to analyze and run vacuum on tables that need it.

I assume you are talking about a bash script.

> Sadly at the time I wrote the script, I never expected a schema name to be pure numbers. 
>  
> So my Script does not work now.
>  
> I want to add double quote marks to each schema name and table name select.
> I tried using the CONCAT function, but it does not work as I expected it to.
>  
> I would be grateful if someone can help me understand the mistake I am making with the CONCAT.

You are a victim of (self-inflicted) SQL injection.

Just surrounding the schema name with double quotes is not enough.
What if the schema name itself contains a double quote?

You should use PostgreSQL's functions to properly quote an identifier.
With a shell script, I think your only choice is to use SQL:

#!/bin/bash

schema='12345  43'
table='tab"567'

quoted_schema=$(psql -Atq -v var="$schema" <<EOF
SELECT quote_ident(:'var');
EOF
)

quoted_table=$(psql -Atq -v var="$table" <<EOF
SELECT quote_ident(:'var');
EOF
)

sql="SELECT col FROM $quoted_schema.$quoted_table"


Yours,
Laurenz Albe

  3. AW: How to surround a selected value with double quotes?

    Subramanian,Ramachandran <ramachandran.subramanian@alte-leipziger.de> — 2026-06-22T08:55:48Z

    Thank you so much!!!  Yes I ment bash script. 

QUOTE_IDENT()  worked like black magic!! 

Postgres puts quotes for the names that need them and no quotes for those that do not need them 😊 😊 

LG

Ram 


 11657 | data    |     5432 | "7464128"."rel_7464128_m2m_story_relatedProjects_project"                                                                                               |       8192
 11655 | data    |     5432 | "7464128"."rel_7464128_m2m_story_requiredStories_story"                                                                                                 |          0
 11527 | data    |     5432 | catemplate_backup_version_250605_1756913256437."rel_1_m2m_companies_commercialContactPersons_persons"     |          0
 11527 | data    |     5432 | catemplate_backup_version_250908_1760965502453."rel_1_m2m_companies_commercialContactPersons_persons"     |          0



Freundliche Grüße

i. A. Ramachandran Subramanian
Zentralbereich Informationstechnologie

Alte Leipziger Lebensversicherung a.G.


Hallesche Krankenversicherung a.G.







Alte Leipziger Lebensversicherung a.G., Alte Leipziger-Platz 1, 61440 Oberursel
Vors. des Aufsichtsrats: Dr. Walter Botermann · Vorstand: Christoph Bohn (Vors.), Dr. Jürgen Bierbaum (stv. Vors.), Frank Kettnaker, Dr. Jochen Kriegmeier, Alexander Mayer, Christian Pape, Wiltrud Pekarek, Udo Wilcsek
Sitz Oberursel (Taunus) · Rechtsform VVaG · Amtsgericht Bad Homburg v. d. H. HRB 1583 · USt.-IdNr. DE 114106814





 
Hallesche Krankenversicherung a.G.,  Löffelstraße 34-38, 70597 Stuttgart
Vors. des Aufsichtsrats: Dr. Walter Botermann · Vorstand: Christoph Bohn (Vors.), Dr. Jürgen Bierbaum (stv. Vors.), Frank Kettnaker, Dr. Jochen Kriegmeier, Alexander Mayer, Christian Pape,
Wiltrud Pekarek, Udo Wilcsek
Sitz Stuttgart · Rechtsform VVaG · Amtsgericht Stuttgart HRB 2686 · USt.-IdNr. DE 147802285
Beiträge zu privaten Kranken- und Pflegekrankenversicherungen unterliegen nicht der Versicherungsteuer (§ 4 Nr. 5 VersStG) · Versicherungsleistungen sowie Umsätze aus Versicherungsvertreter-/Maklertätigkeiten sind umsatzsteuerfrei
 



 
Die Pflichtangaben der ALH Gruppe gemäß § 35a GmbHG bzw. § 80 AktG finden Sie hier: https://www.alte-leipziger.de/impressum 





______________________

ALH Gruppe
Alte Leipziger-Platz 1, 61440 Oberursel
Tel.: +49 (6171) 66-4882
Fax: +49 (6171) 66-800-4882
E-Mail: ramachandran.subramanian@alte-leipziger.de
www.alte-leipziger.de
www.hallesche.de



-----Ursprüngliche Nachricht-----
Von: Laurenz Albe <laurenz.albe@cybertec.at> 
Gesendet: Montag, 22. Juni 2026 10:26
An: Subramanian,Ramachandran IT-md-db <ramachandran.subramanian@alte-leipziger.de>; pgsql-novice@lists.postgresql.org
Betreff: Re: How to surround a selected value with double quotes?

On Mon, 2026-06-22 at 07:46 +0000, Subramanian,Ramachandran wrote:
> I wrote a script to analyze and run vacuum on tables that need it.

I assume you are talking about a bash script.

> Sadly at the time I wrote the script, I never expected a schema name 
> to be pure numbers.
>  
> So my Script does not work now.
>  
> I want to add double quote marks to each schema name and table name select.
> I tried using the CONCAT function, but it does not work as I expected it to.
>  
> I would be grateful if someone can help me understand the mistake I am making with the CONCAT.

You are a victim of (self-inflicted) SQL injection.

Just surrounding the schema name with double quotes is not enough.
What if the schema name itself contains a double quote?

You should use PostgreSQL's functions to properly quote an identifier.
With a shell script, I think your only choice is to use SQL:

#!/bin/bash

schema='12345  43'
table='tab"567'

quoted_schema=$(psql -Atq -v var="$schema" <<EOF SELECT quote_ident(:'var'); EOF
)

quoted_table=$(psql -Atq -v var="$table" <<EOF SELECT quote_ident(:'var'); EOF
)

sql="SELECT col FROM $quoted_schema.$quoted_table"


Yours,
Laurenz Albe

  4. Re: How to surround a selected value with double quotes?

    hubert depesz lubaczewski <depesz@depesz.com> — 2026-06-22T10:09:29Z

    On Mon, Jun 22, 2026 at 07:46:09AM +0000, Subramanian,Ramachandran wrote:
> #Build the SQL needed to get the list of tables that are approaching the SAFE_XID_GAP
> LIST_OLDEST_UNFROZEN_XID_SQL=" SELECT   \
>        cast (age(PGCL.relfrozenxid) as integer) as GAP, \
>        INTB.table_catalog as DB_NAME,   \
>        "$PORT_NO" , \
>        CONCAT('"',INTB.table_schema,'"') || '.' ||  \
>        CONCAT('"',PGCL.relname,'"') as TABLE_NAME,      \
>        pg_table_size(PGCL.oid) as TABLE_SIZE \

*NEVER* concatenate identifiers. It will lead to bugs. Instead use
format() function (I find it MUCH simpler than quote_ident):

In your case, instead of the concat calls (why concat, if you can do ||,
anyway?

select
    format('%I.%I', INTB.table_schema, PGCL.relname)
FROM
…

depesz

  5. Re: How to surround a selected value with double quotes?

    hubert depesz lubaczewski <depesz@depesz.com> — 2026-06-22T10:32:21Z

    On Mon, Jun 22, 2026 at 07:46:09AM +0000, Subramanian,Ramachandran wrote:
> #Build the SQL needed to get the list of tables that are approaching the SAFE_XID_GAP
> LIST_OLDEST_UNFROZEN_XID_SQL=" SELECT   \
>        cast (age(PGCL.relfrozenxid) as integer) as GAP, \
>        INTB.table_catalog as DB_NAME,   \
>        "$PORT_NO" , \
>        CONCAT('"',INTB.table_schema,'"') || '.' ||  \
>        CONCAT('"',PGCL.relname,'"') as TABLE_NAME,      \
>        pg_table_size(PGCL.oid) as TABLE_SIZE \
> FROM                                                         \
>       pg_class PGCL,                                         \
>       information_schema.tables INTB                         \
> WHERE                                                        \
>      PGCL.relname=INTB.table_name                            \
> AND                                                          \
>      PGCL.relkind='r'                                       \
> AND                                                          \
>      age(PGCL.relfrozenxid)  > "$SAFE_XID_GAP" \
> ORDER BY                                                    \
>         1 DESC ;"

Some more comments, this time related to how you write bash/shell scripts.

1. you don't need to end line with \ if the value is in quotes - this is
   needed only if you split single command and it's options
2. if you have long string, multiline, it's better to use here-doc.
   like:

psql … << _END_OF_SQL_
SELECT
       cast (age(PGCL.relfrozenxid) as integer) as GAP,
       INTB.table_catalog as DB_NAME,
       "$PORT_NO" ,
       CONCAT('"',INTB.table_schema,'"') || '.' ||
       CONCAT('"',PGCL.relname,'"') as TABLE_NAME,
       pg_table_size(PGCL.oid) as TABLE_SIZE
FROM
      pg_class PGCL,
      information_schema.tables INTB
WHERE
     PGCL.relname=INTB.table_name
AND
     PGCL.relkind='r'
AND
     age(PGCL.relfrozenxid)  > "$SAFE_XID_GAP"
ORDER BY
        1 DESC
_END_OF_SQL_

3. if you really need to put the multi-line value in a variable, you can
   do it using:

read -r -d '' LIST_OLDEST_UNFROZEN_XID_SQL << _END_OF_SQL_
…
_END_OF_SQL_


Best regards,

depesz

  6. AW: How to surround a selected value with double quotes?

    Subramanian,Ramachandran <ramachandran.subramanian@alte-leipziger.de> — 2026-06-22T10:59:03Z

    Hello, 

 thank you for your reply. I tried FORMAT(%I.%I,schema,tablename) and it works too. I have altered my script accordingly. 

Now to the question why CONCAT and || , I am extremely new to Postgres and Linux .I am working on PG/Linux only since Last November. 😊  I come from 30 yrs of working on mainframes ( DB2 / IMS / REXX) and I tend to simply use what works in DB2 and fix only what does not work.  The short answer is , lack of knowledge and experience. 


Thank you so much for taking the time to reply to my question 😊 

LG

Ram 





Freundliche Grüße

i. A. Ramachandran Subramanian
Zentralbereich Informationstechnologie

Alte Leipziger Lebensversicherung a.G.


Hallesche Krankenversicherung a.G.







Alte Leipziger Lebensversicherung a.G., Alte Leipziger-Platz 1, 61440 Oberursel
Vors. des Aufsichtsrats: Dr. Walter Botermann · Vorstand: Christoph Bohn (Vors.), Dr. Jürgen Bierbaum (stv. Vors.), Frank Kettnaker, Dr. Jochen Kriegmeier, Alexander Mayer, Christian Pape, Wiltrud Pekarek, Udo Wilcsek
Sitz Oberursel (Taunus) · Rechtsform VVaG · Amtsgericht Bad Homburg v. d. H. HRB 1583 · USt.-IdNr. DE 114106814





 
Hallesche Krankenversicherung a.G.,  Löffelstraße 34-38, 70597 Stuttgart
Vors. des Aufsichtsrats: Dr. Walter Botermann · Vorstand: Christoph Bohn (Vors.), Dr. Jürgen Bierbaum (stv. Vors.), Frank Kettnaker, Dr. Jochen Kriegmeier, Alexander Mayer, Christian Pape,
Wiltrud Pekarek, Udo Wilcsek
Sitz Stuttgart · Rechtsform VVaG · Amtsgericht Stuttgart HRB 2686 · USt.-IdNr. DE 147802285
Beiträge zu privaten Kranken- und Pflegekrankenversicherungen unterliegen nicht der Versicherungsteuer (§ 4 Nr. 5 VersStG) · Versicherungsleistungen sowie Umsätze aus Versicherungsvertreter-/Maklertätigkeiten sind umsatzsteuerfrei
 



 
Die Pflichtangaben der ALH Gruppe gemäß § 35a GmbHG bzw. § 80 AktG finden Sie hier: https://www.alte-leipziger.de/impressum 





______________________

ALH Gruppe
Alte Leipziger-Platz 1, 61440 Oberursel
Tel.: +49 (6171) 66-4882
Fax: +49 (6171) 66-800-4882
E-Mail: ramachandran.subramanian@alte-leipziger.de
www.alte-leipziger.de
www.hallesche.de



-----Ursprüngliche Nachricht-----
Von: depesz@depesz.com <depesz@depesz.com> 
Gesendet: Montag, 22. Juni 2026 12:09
An: Subramanian,Ramachandran IT-md-db <ramachandran.subramanian@alte-leipziger.de>
Cc: pgsql-novice@lists.postgresql.org
Betreff: Re: How to surround a selected value with double quotes?

On Mon, Jun 22, 2026 at 07:46:09AM +0000, Subramanian,Ramachandran wrote:
> #Build the SQL needed to get the list of tables that are approaching the SAFE_XID_GAP
> LIST_OLDEST_UNFROZEN_XID_SQL=" SELECT   \
>        cast (age(PGCL.relfrozenxid) as integer) as GAP, \
>        INTB.table_catalog as DB_NAME,   \
>        "$PORT_NO" , \
>        CONCAT('"',INTB.table_schema,'"') || '.' ||  \
>        CONCAT('"',PGCL.relname,'"') as TABLE_NAME,      \
>        pg_table_size(PGCL.oid) as TABLE_SIZE \

*NEVER* concatenate identifiers. It will lead to bugs. Instead use
format() function (I find it MUCH simpler than quote_ident):

In your case, instead of the concat calls (why concat, if you can do ||, anyway?

select
    format('%I.%I', INTB.table_schema, PGCL.relname) FROM …

depesz