Make COPY format extendable: Extract COPY TO format implementations

Hi,

I want to work on making COPY format extendable. I attach
the first patch for it. I'll send more patches after this is
merged.


Background:

Currently, COPY TO/FROM supports only "text", "csv" and
"binary" formats. There are some requests to support more
COPY formats. For example:

* 2023-11: JSON and JSON lines [1]
* 2022-04: Apache Arrow [2]
* 2018-02: Apache Avro, Apache Parquet and Apache ORC [3]

(FYI: I want to add support for Apache Arrow.)

There were discussions how to add support for more formats. [3][4]
In these discussions, we got a consensus about making COPY
format extendable.

But it seems that nobody works on this yet. So I want to
work on this. (If there is anyone who wants to work on this
together, I'm happy.)


Summary:

The attached patch introduces CopyToFormatOps struct that is
similar to TupleTableSlotOps for TupleTableSlot but
CopyToFormatOps is for COPY TO format. CopyToFormatOps has
routines to implement a COPY TO format.

The attached patch doesn't change:

* the current behavior (all existing tests are still passed
  without changing them)
* the existing "text", "csv" and "binary" format output
  implementations including local variable names (the
  attached patch just move them and adjust indent)
* performance (no significant loss of performance)

In other words, this is just a refactoring for further
changes to make COPY format extendable. If I use "complete
the task and then request reviews for it" approach, it will
be difficult to review because changes for it will be
large. So I want to work on this step by step. Is it
acceptable?

TODOs that should be done in subsequent patches:

* Add some CopyToState readers such as CopyToStateGetDest(),
  CopyToStateGetAttnums() and CopyToStateGetOpts()
  (We will need to consider which APIs should be exported.)
  (This is for implemeing COPY TO format by extension.)
* Export CopySend*() in src/backend/commands/copyto.c
  (This is for implemeing COPY TO format by extension.)
* Add API to register a new COPY TO format implementation
* Add "CREATE XXX" to register a new COPY TO format (or COPY
  TO/FROM format) implementation
  ("CREATE COPY HANDLER" was suggested in [5].)
* Same for COPY FROM


Performance:

We got a consensus about making COPY format extendable but
we should care about performance. [6]

> I think that step 1 ought to be to convert the existing
> formats into plug-ins, and demonstrate that there's no
> significant loss of performance.

So I measured COPY TO time with/without this change. You can
see there is no significant loss of performance.

Data: Random 32 bit integers:

    CREATE TABLE data (int32 integer);
    INSERT INTO data
      SELECT random() * 10000
        FROM generate_series(1, ${n_records});

The number of records: 100K, 1M and 10M

100K without this change:

    format,elapsed time (ms)
    text,22.527
    csv,23.822
    binary,24.806

100K with this change:

    format,elapsed time (ms)
    text,22.919
    csv,24.643
    binary,24.705

1M without this change:

    format,elapsed time (ms)
    text,223.457
    csv,233.583
    binary,242.687

1M with this change:

    format,elapsed time (ms)
    text,224.591
    csv,233.964
    binary,247.164

10M without this change:

    format,elapsed time (ms)
    text,2330.383
    csv,2411.394
    binary,2590.817

10M with this change:

    format,elapsed time (ms)
    text,2231.307
    csv,2408.067
    binary,2473.617


[1]: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/24e3ee88-ec1e-421b-89ae-8a47ee0d2df1%40joeconway.com#a5e6b8829f9a74dfc835f6f29f2e44c5
[2]: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CAGrfaBVyfm0wPzXVqm0%3Dh5uArYh9N_ij%2BsVpUtDHqkB%3DVyB3jw%40mail.gmail.com
[3]: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/20180210151304.fonjztsynewldfba%40gmail.com
[4]: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/3741749.1655952719%40sss.pgh.pa.us#2bb7af4a3d2c7669f9a49808d777a20d
[5]: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/20180211211235.5x3jywe5z3lkgcsr%40alap3.anarazel.de
[6]: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/3741749.1655952719%40sss.pgh.pa.us


Thanks,
-- 
kou