Fix multiple crasher bugs in partitioned-table replication logic.

Fix multiple crasher bugs in partitioned-table replication logic.

apply_handle_tuple_routing(), having detected and reported that
the tuple it needed to update didn't exist, tried to update that
tuple anyway, leading to a null-pointer dereference.

logicalrep_partition_open() failed to ensure that the
LogicalRepPartMapEntry it built for a partition was fully
independent of that for the partition root, leading to
trouble if the root entry was later freed or rebuilt.

Meanwhile, on the publisher's side, pgoutput_change() sometimes
attempted to apply execute_attr_map_tuple() to a NULL tuple.

The first of these was reported by Sergey Bernikov in bug #17055;
I found the other two while developing some test cases for this
sadly under-tested code.

Diagnosis and patch for the first issue by Amit Langote; patches
for the others by me; new test cases by me.  Back-patch to v13
where this logic came in.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/17055-9ba800ec8522668b@postgresql.org