Remove redundant gettimeofday() calls to the extent practical without

Remove redundant gettimeofday() calls to the extent practical without
changing semantics too much.  statement_timestamp is now set immediately
upon receipt of a client command message, and the various places that used
to do their own gettimeofday() calls to mark command startup are referenced
to that instead.  I have also made stats_command_string use that same
value for pg_stat_activity.query_start for both the command itself and
its eventual replacement by <IDLE> or <idle in transaction>.  There was
some debate about that, but no argument that seemed convincing enough to
justify an extra gettimeofday() call.