Correct constness of system attributes in heap.c & prerequisites.

Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>

Commit: 02a30a09f9e57a29f7bda82f5f4bfc214eed3980
Author: Andres Freund <andres@anarazel.de>
Date: 2018-10-16T16:44:43Z
Releases: 12.0
Correct constness of system attributes in heap.c & prerequisites.

This allows the compiler / linker to mark affected pages as read-only.

There's a fair number of pre-requisite changes, to allow the const
properly be propagated. Most of consts were already required for
correctness anyway, just not represented on the type-level.  Arguably
we could be more aggressive in using consts in related code, but..

This requires using a few of the types underlying typedefs that
removes pointers (e.g. const NameData *) as declaring the typedefed
type constant doesn't have the same meaning (it makes the variable
const, not what it points to).

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/20181015200754.7y7zfuzsoux2c4ya@alap3.anarazel.de

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