v52-0006-Add-initdb-option-to-initialize-cluster-with-non.patch

From c3af70d42b8fe1473c22f0c01f1be0b18e1a612f Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxim Orlov <m.orlov@postgrespro.ru>
Date: Wed, 4 May 2022 15:53:36 +0300
Subject: [PATCH v52 6/7] Add initdb option to initialize cluster with
 non-standard xid/mxid/mxoff.

To date testing database cluster wraparund was not easy as initdb has always
inited it with default xid/mxid/mxoff. The option to specify any valid
xid/mxid/mxoff at cluster startup will make these things easier.

Author: Maxim Orlov <orlovmg@gmail.com>
Author: Pavel Borisov <pashkin.elfe@gmail.com>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CACG%3Dezaa4vqYjJ16yoxgrpa-%3DgXnf0Vv3Ey9bjGrRRFN2YyWFQ%40mail.gmail.com
---
 src/backend/access/transam/clog.c        |  13 ++-
 src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c   |  35 ++++++++
 src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c        |  16 ++--
 src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c        |  50 ++++++++++-
 src/backend/main/main.c                  |   6 ++
 src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c      |  14 ++-
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c              |  53 ++++++++++-
 src/bin/initdb/initdb.c                  | 108 ++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl           |  86 ++++++++++++++++++
 src/include/access/xlog.h                |   3 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_class.h           |   2 +-
 src/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Cluster.pm |   4 +-
 src/test/regress/pg_regress.c            |   3 +-
 src/test/xid-64/t/001_test_large_xids.pl |  54 ++++++++++++
 src/test/xid-64/t/002_test_gucs.pl       |   4 +-
 src/test/xid-64/t/003_test_integrity.pl  |   9 +-
 src/test/xid-64/t/004_test_relminmxid.pl |   2 +-
 src/test/xid-64/t/005_stream_subxact.pl  |   2 +-
 src/test/xid-64/t/006_zeropage.pl        |   2 +-
 19 files changed, 442 insertions(+), 24 deletions(-)
 create mode 100644 src/test/xid-64/t/001_test_large_xids.pl

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/clog.c b/src/backend/access/transam/clog.c
index e96b739c8c..183997dc20 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/clog.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/clog.c
@@ -721,6 +721,7 @@ void
 BootStrapCLOG(void)
 {
 	int			slotno;
+	int64		pageno;
 
 	LWLockAcquire(XactSLRULock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
@@ -731,6 +732,17 @@ BootStrapCLOG(void)
 	SimpleLruWritePage(XactCtl, slotno);
 	Assert(!XactCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);
 
+	pageno = TransactionIdToPage(XidFromFullTransactionId(ShmemVariableCache->nextXid));
+	if (pageno != 0)
+	{
+		/* Create and zero the first page of the commit log */
+		slotno = ZeroCLOGPage(pageno, false);
+
+		/* Make sure it's written out */
+		SimpleLruWritePage(XactCtl, slotno);
+		Assert(!XactCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);
+	}
+
 	LWLockRelease(XactSLRULock);
 }
 
@@ -941,7 +953,6 @@ CLOGPagePrecedes(int64 page1, int64 page2)
 			TransactionIdPrecedes(xid1, xid2 + CLOG_XACTS_PER_PAGE - 1));
 }
 
-
 /*
  * Write a ZEROPAGE xlog record
  */
diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c
index c14efe56f6..61194581ea 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c
@@ -1750,6 +1750,7 @@ void
 BootStrapMultiXact(void)
 {
 	int			slotno;
+	int64		pageno;
 
 	LWLockAcquire(MultiXactOffsetSLRULock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
@@ -1760,6 +1761,17 @@ BootStrapMultiXact(void)
 	SimpleLruWritePage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, slotno);
 	Assert(!MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);
 
+	pageno = MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(MultiXactState->nextMXact);
+	if (pageno != 0)
+	{
+		/* Create and zero the first page of the offsets log */
+		slotno = ZeroMultiXactOffsetPage(pageno, false);
+
+		/* Make sure it's written out */
+		SimpleLruWritePage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, slotno);
+		Assert(!MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);
+	}
+
 	LWLockRelease(MultiXactOffsetSLRULock);
 
 	LWLockAcquire(MultiXactMemberSLRULock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
@@ -1771,7 +1783,30 @@ BootStrapMultiXact(void)
 	SimpleLruWritePage(MultiXactMemberCtl, slotno);
 	Assert(!MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);
 
+	pageno = MXOffsetToMemberPage(MultiXactState->nextOffset);
+	if (pageno != 0)
+	{
+		/* Create and zero the first page of the members log */
+		slotno = ZeroMultiXactMemberPage(pageno, false);
+
+		/* Make sure it's written out */
+		SimpleLruWritePage(MultiXactMemberCtl, slotno);
+		Assert(!MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);
+	}
+
 	LWLockRelease(MultiXactMemberSLRULock);
+
+	/*
+	 * If we're starting not from zero offset, initilize dummy multixact to
+	 * evade too long loop in PerformMembersTruncation().
+	 */
+	if (MultiXactState->nextOffset > 0 && MultiXactState->nextMXact > 0)
+	{
+		RecordNewMultiXact(FirstMultiXactId,
+						   MultiXactState->nextOffset, 0, NULL);
+		RecordNewMultiXact(MultiXactState->nextMXact,
+						   MultiXactState->nextOffset, 0, NULL);
+	}
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
index 6613563aff..d292817db0 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
@@ -139,6 +139,10 @@ int			max_slot_wal_keep_size_mb = -1;
 int			wal_decode_buffer_size = 512 * 1024;
 bool		track_wal_io_timing = false;
 
+TransactionId		start_xid = FirstNormalTransactionId;
+MultiXactId			start_mxid = FirstMultiXactId;
+MultiXactOffset		start_mxoff = 0;
+
 #ifdef WAL_DEBUG
 bool		XLOG_DEBUG = false;
 #endif
@@ -4805,13 +4809,15 @@ BootStrapXLOG(void)
 	checkPoint.ThisTimeLineID = BootstrapTimeLineID;
 	checkPoint.PrevTimeLineID = BootstrapTimeLineID;
 	checkPoint.fullPageWrites = fullPageWrites;
-	checkPoint.nextXid = FullTransactionIdFromXid(FirstNormalTransactionId);
+	checkPoint.nextXid =
+		FullTransactionIdFromXid(Max(FirstNormalTransactionId,
+									 start_xid));
 	checkPoint.nextOid = FirstGenbkiObjectId;
-	checkPoint.nextMulti = FirstMultiXactId;
-	checkPoint.nextMultiOffset = 0;
-	checkPoint.oldestXid = FirstNormalTransactionId;
+	checkPoint.nextMulti = Max(FirstMultiXactId, start_mxid);
+	checkPoint.nextMultiOffset = start_mxoff;
+	checkPoint.oldestXid = XidFromFullTransactionId(checkPoint.nextXid);
 	checkPoint.oldestXidDB = Template1DbOid;
-	checkPoint.oldestMulti = FirstMultiXactId;
+	checkPoint.oldestMulti = checkPoint.nextMulti;
 	checkPoint.oldestMultiDB = Template1DbOid;
 	checkPoint.oldestCommitTsXid = InvalidTransactionId;
 	checkPoint.newestCommitTsXid = InvalidTransactionId;
diff --git a/src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c b/src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c
index 16de61f5ed..fb66a8ae72 100644
--- a/src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c
+++ b/src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c
@@ -221,7 +221,7 @@ BootstrapModeMain(int argc, char *argv[], bool check_only)
 	argv++;
 	argc--;
 
-	while ((flag = getopt(argc, argv, "B:c:d:D:Fkr:X:-:")) != -1)
+	while ((flag = getopt(argc, argv, "B:c:d:D:Fkm:o:r:X:x:-:")) != -1)
 	{
 		switch (flag)
 		{
@@ -276,12 +276,60 @@ BootstrapModeMain(int argc, char *argv[], bool check_only)
 			case 'k':
 				bootstrap_data_checksum_version = PG_DATA_CHECKSUM_VERSION;
 				break;
+			case 'm':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_mxid = strtoull(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartMultiXactIdIsValid(start_mxid))
+					{
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+								 errmsg("invalid initial database cluster multixact id")));
+					}
+				}
+				break;
+			case 'o':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_mxoff = strtoull(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartMultiXactOffsetIsValid(start_mxoff))
+					{
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+								 errmsg("invalid initial database cluster multixact offset")));
+					}
+				}
+				break;
 			case 'r':
 				strlcpy(OutputFileName, optarg, MAXPGPATH);
 				break;
 			case 'X':
 				SetConfigOption("wal_segment_size", optarg, PGC_INTERNAL, PGC_S_DYNAMIC_DEFAULT);
 				break;
+			case 'x':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_xid = strtoull(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartTransactionIdIsValid(start_xid))
+					{
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+								 errmsg("invalid initial database cluster xid value")));
+					}
+				}
+				break;
 			default:
 				write_stderr("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n",
 							 progname);
diff --git a/src/backend/main/main.c b/src/backend/main/main.c
index ed11e8be7f..a8751fd0ee 100644
--- a/src/backend/main/main.c
+++ b/src/backend/main/main.c
@@ -366,12 +366,18 @@ help(const char *progname)
 	printf(_("  -E                 echo statement before execution\n"));
 	printf(_("  -j                 do not use newline as interactive query delimiter\n"));
 	printf(_("  -r FILENAME        send stdout and stderr to given file\n"));
+	printf(_("  -m START_MXID      set initial database cluster multixact id\n"));
+	printf(_("  -o START_MXOFF     set initial database cluster multixact offset\n"));
+	printf(_("  -x START_XID       set initial database cluster xid\n"));
 
 	printf(_("\nOptions for bootstrapping mode:\n"));
 	printf(_("  --boot             selects bootstrapping mode (must be first argument)\n"));
 	printf(_("  --check            selects check mode (must be first argument)\n"));
 	printf(_("  DBNAME             database name (mandatory argument in bootstrapping mode)\n"));
 	printf(_("  -r FILENAME        send stdout and stderr to given file\n"));
+	printf(_("  -m START_MXID      set initial database cluster multixact id\n"));
+	printf(_("  -o START_MXOFF     set initial database cluster multixact offset\n"));
+	printf(_("  -x START_XID       set initial database cluster xid\n"));
 
 	printf(_("\nPlease read the documentation for the complete list of run-time\n"
 			 "configuration settings and how to set them on the command line or in\n"
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c b/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
index ae31d66930..4df15cfd65 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
@@ -693,7 +693,7 @@ PostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 	 * tcop/postgres.c (the option sets should not conflict) and with the
 	 * common help() function in main/main.c.
 	 */
-	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "B:bC:c:D:d:EeFf:h:ijk:lN:OPp:r:S:sTt:W:-:")) != -1)
+	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "B:bC:c:D:d:EeFf:h:ijk:lm:N:Oo:Pp:r:S:sTt:W:x:-:")) != -1)
 	{
 		switch (opt)
 		{
@@ -790,10 +790,18 @@ PostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 				SetConfigOption("max_connections", optarg, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
 				break;
 
+			case 'm':
+				/* only used by single-user backend */
+				break;
+
 			case 'O':
 				SetConfigOption("allow_system_table_mods", "true", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
 				break;
 
+			case 'o':
+				/* only used by single-user backend */
+				break;
+
 			case 'P':
 				SetConfigOption("ignore_system_indexes", "true", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
 				break;
@@ -844,6 +852,10 @@ PostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 				SetConfigOption("post_auth_delay", optarg, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
 				break;
 
+			case 'x':
+				/* only used by single-user backend */
+				break;
+
 			default:
 				write_stderr("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n",
 							 progname);
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 7298a187d1..cd0434db4e 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -3798,7 +3798,7 @@ process_postgres_switches(int argc, char *argv[], GucContext ctx,
 	 * postmaster/postmaster.c (the option sets should not conflict) and with
 	 * the common help() function in main/main.c.
 	 */
-	while ((flag = getopt(argc, argv, "B:bC:c:D:d:EeFf:h:ijk:lN:nOPp:r:S:sTt:v:W:-:")) != -1)
+	while ((flag = getopt(argc, argv, "B:bC:c:D:d:EeFf:h:ijk:lm:N:nOo:Pp:r:S:sTt:v:W:x:-:")) != -1)
 	{
 		switch (flag)
 		{
@@ -3890,6 +3890,23 @@ process_postgres_switches(int argc, char *argv[], GucContext ctx,
 				SetConfigOption("ssl", "true", ctx, gucsource);
 				break;
 
+			case 'm':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_mxid = strtoull(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartMultiXactIdIsValid(start_mxid))
+					{
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+								 errmsg("invalid initial database cluster multixact id")));
+					}
+				}
+				break;
+
 			case 'N':
 				SetConfigOption("max_connections", optarg, ctx, gucsource);
 				break;
@@ -3902,6 +3919,23 @@ process_postgres_switches(int argc, char *argv[], GucContext ctx,
 				SetConfigOption("allow_system_table_mods", "true", ctx, gucsource);
 				break;
 
+			case 'o':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_mxoff = strtoull(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartMultiXactOffsetIsValid(start_mxoff))
+					{
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+								 errmsg("invalid initial database cluster multixact offset")));
+					}
+				}
+				break;
+
 			case 'P':
 				SetConfigOption("ignore_system_indexes", "true", ctx, gucsource);
 				break;
@@ -3956,6 +3990,23 @@ process_postgres_switches(int argc, char *argv[], GucContext ctx,
 				SetConfigOption("post_auth_delay", optarg, ctx, gucsource);
 				break;
 
+			case 'x':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_xid = strtoull(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartTransactionIdIsValid(start_xid))
+					{
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+								 errmsg("invalid initial database cluster xid")));
+					}
+				}
+				break;
+
 			default:
 				errs++;
 				break;
diff --git a/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c b/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
index 0c6f5ceb0a..31a3290abe 100644
--- a/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
+++ b/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
@@ -82,7 +82,6 @@
 #include "mb/pg_wchar.h"
 #include "miscadmin.h"
 
-
 /* Ideally this would be in a .h file, but it hardly seems worth the trouble */
 extern const char *select_default_timezone(const char *share_path);
 
@@ -166,6 +165,9 @@ static bool data_checksums = false;
 static char *xlog_dir = NULL;
 static int	wal_segment_size_mb = (DEFAULT_XLOG_SEG_SIZE) / (1024 * 1024);
 static DataDirSyncMethod sync_method = DATA_DIR_SYNC_METHOD_FSYNC;
+static TransactionId start_xid = 0;
+static MultiXactId start_mxid = 0;
+static MultiXactOffset start_mxoff = 0;
 
 
 /* internal vars */
@@ -1513,6 +1515,11 @@ bootstrap_template1(void)
 	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "POSTGRES",
 							  escape_quotes_bki(username));
 
+	/* relfrozenxid must not be less than FirstNormalTransactionId */
+	sprintf(buf, "%llu", (unsigned long long) Max(start_xid, 3));
+	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "RECENTXMIN",
+							  buf);
+
 	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "ENCODING",
 							  encodingid_to_string(encodingid));
 
@@ -1538,6 +1545,9 @@ bootstrap_template1(void)
 
 	printfPQExpBuffer(&cmd, "\"%s\" --boot %s %s", backend_exec, boot_options, extra_options);
 	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -X %d", wal_segment_size_mb * (1024 * 1024));
+	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -m %llu", (unsigned long long) start_mxid);
+	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -o %llu", (unsigned long long) start_mxoff);
+	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -x %llu", (unsigned long long) start_xid);
 	if (data_checksums)
 		appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -k");
 	if (debug)
@@ -2463,12 +2473,20 @@ usage(const char *progname)
 	printf(_("  -d, --debug               generate lots of debugging output\n"));
 	printf(_("      --discard-caches      set debug_discard_caches=1\n"));
 	printf(_("  -L DIRECTORY              where to find the input files\n"));
+	printf(_("  -m, --multixact-id=START_MXID\n"
+			 "                            set initial database cluster multixact id\n"
+			 "                            max value is 2^62-1\n"));
 	printf(_("  -n, --no-clean            do not clean up after errors\n"));
 	printf(_("  -N, --no-sync             do not wait for changes to be written safely to disk\n"));
 	printf(_("      --no-instructions     do not print instructions for next steps\n"));
+	printf(_("  -o, --multixact-offset=START_MXOFF\n"
+			 "                            set initial database cluster multixact offset\n"
+			 "                            max value is 2^62-1\n"));
 	printf(_("  -s, --show                show internal settings\n"));
 	printf(_("      --sync-method=METHOD  set method for syncing files to disk\n"));
 	printf(_("  -S, --sync-only           only sync database files to disk, then exit\n"));
+	printf(_("  -x, --xid=START_XID       set initial database cluster xid\n"
+			 "                            max value is 2^62-1\n"));
 	printf(_("\nOther options:\n"));
 	printf(_("  -V, --version             output version information, then exit\n"));
 	printf(_("  -?, --help                show this help, then exit\n"));
@@ -3007,6 +3025,18 @@ initialize_data_directory(void)
 	/* Now create all the text config files */
 	setup_config();
 
+	if (start_mxid != 0)
+		printf(_("selecting initial multixact id ... %llu\n"),
+				 (unsigned long long) start_mxid);
+
+	if (start_mxoff != 0)
+		printf(_("selecting initial multixact offset ... %llu\n"),
+				 (unsigned long long) start_mxoff);
+
+	if (start_xid != 0)
+		printf(_("selecting initial xid ... %llu\n"),
+				 (unsigned long long) start_xid);
+
 	/* Bootstrap template1 */
 	bootstrap_template1();
 
@@ -3023,8 +3053,12 @@ initialize_data_directory(void)
 	fflush(stdout);
 
 	initPQExpBuffer(&cmd);
-	printfPQExpBuffer(&cmd, "\"%s\" %s %s template1 >%s",
-					  backend_exec, backend_options, extra_options, DEVNULL);
+	printfPQExpBuffer(&cmd, "\"%s\" %s %s",
+					  backend_exec, backend_options, extra_options);
+	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -m %llu", (unsigned long long) start_mxid);
+	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -o %llu", (unsigned long long) start_mxoff);
+	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -x %llu", (unsigned long long) start_xid);
+	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " template1 >%s", DEVNULL);
 
 	PG_CMD_OPEN(cmd.data);
 
@@ -3109,6 +3143,9 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		{"icu-locale", required_argument, NULL, 16},
 		{"icu-rules", required_argument, NULL, 17},
 		{"sync-method", required_argument, NULL, 18},
+		{"xid", required_argument, NULL, 'x'},
+		{"multixact-id", required_argument, NULL, 'm'},
+		{"multixact-offset", required_argument, NULL, 'o'},
 		{NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
 	};
 
@@ -3150,7 +3187,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 
 	/* process command-line options */
 
-	while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "A:c:dD:E:gkL:nNsST:U:WX:",
+	while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "A:c:dD:E:gkL:m:nNo:sST:U:Wx:X:",
 							long_options, &option_index)) != -1)
 	{
 		switch (c)
@@ -3208,6 +3245,30 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 				debug = true;
 				printf(_("Running in debug mode.\n"));
 				break;
+			case 'm':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_mxid = strtoull(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartMultiXactIdIsValid(start_mxid))
+					{
+						pg_log_error("invalid initial database cluster multixact id");
+						exit(1);
+					}
+					else if (start_mxid < 1) /* FirstMultiXactId */
+					{
+						/*
+						 * We avoid mxid to be silently set to
+						 * FirstMultiXactId, though it does not harm.
+						 */
+						pg_log_error("multixact id should be greater than 0");
+						exit(1);
+					}
+				}
+				break;
 			case 'n':
 				noclean = true;
 				printf(_("Running in no-clean mode.  Mistakes will not be cleaned up.\n"));
@@ -3215,6 +3276,21 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 			case 'N':
 				do_sync = false;
 				break;
+			case 'o':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_mxoff = strtoull(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartMultiXactOffsetIsValid(start_mxoff))
+					{
+						pg_log_error("invalid initial database cluster multixact offset");
+						exit(1);
+					}
+				}
+				break;
 			case 'S':
 				sync_only = true;
 				break;
@@ -3293,6 +3369,30 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 				if (!parse_sync_method(optarg, &sync_method))
 					exit(1);
 				break;
+			case 'x':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_xid = strtoull(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartTransactionIdIsValid(start_xid))
+					{
+						pg_log_error("invalid value for initial database cluster xid");
+						exit(1);
+					}
+					else if (start_xid < 3) /* FirstNormalTransactionId */
+					{
+						/*
+						 * We avoid xid to be silently set to
+						 * FirstNormalTransactionId, though it does not harm.
+						 */
+						pg_log_error("xid should be greater than 2");
+						exit(1);
+					}
+				}
+				break;
 			default:
 				/* getopt_long already emitted a complaint */
 				pg_log_error_hint("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.", progname);
diff --git a/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl b/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl
index 45f96cd8bb..ba6503be50 100644
--- a/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl
+++ b/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl
@@ -199,4 +199,90 @@ command_fails(
 command_fails([ 'initdb', '--no-sync', '--set', 'foo=bar', "$tempdir/dataX" ],
 	'fails for invalid --set option');
 
+# Set non-standard initial mxid/mxoff/xid.
+command_fails_like(
+	[ 'initdb', '-m', '9223372036854775807', $datadir ],
+	qr/initdb: error: invalid initial database cluster multixact id/,
+	'fails for invalid initial database cluster multixact id');
+command_fails_like(
+	[ 'initdb', '-o', '9223372036854775807', $datadir ],
+	qr/initdb: error: invalid initial database cluster multixact offset/,
+	'fails for invalid initial database cluster multixact offset');
+command_fails_like(
+	[ 'initdb', '-x', '9223372036854775807', $datadir ],
+	qr/initdb: error: invalid value for initial database cluster xid/,
+	'fails for invalid initial database cluster xid');
+
+command_fails_like(
+	[ 'initdb', '-m', '0x10000000000000000', $datadir ],
+	qr/initdb: error: invalid initial database cluster multixact id/,
+	'fails for invalid initial database cluster multixact id');
+command_fails_like(
+	[ 'initdb', '-o', '0x10000000000000000', $datadir ],
+	qr/initdb: error: invalid initial database cluster multixact offset/,
+	'fails for invalid initial database cluster multixact offset');
+command_fails_like(
+	[ 'initdb', '-x', '0x10000000000000000', $datadir ],
+	qr/initdb: error: invalid value for initial database cluster xid/,
+	'fails for invalid initial database cluster xid');
+
+command_fails_like(
+	[ 'initdb', '-m', 'seven', $datadir ],
+	qr/initdb: error: invalid initial database cluster multixact id/,
+	'fails for invalid initial database cluster multixact id');
+command_fails_like(
+	[ 'initdb', '-o', 'seven', $datadir ],
+	qr/initdb: error: invalid initial database cluster multixact offset/,
+	'fails for invalid initial database cluster multixact offset');
+command_fails_like(
+	[ 'initdb', '-x', 'seven', $datadir ],
+	qr/initdb: error: invalid value for initial database cluster xid/,
+	'fails for invalid initial database cluster xid');
+
+command_checks_all(
+	[ 'initdb', '-m', '65535', "$tempdir/data-m65535" ],
+	0,
+	[qr/selecting initial multixact id ... 65535/],
+	[],
+	'selecting initial multixact id');
+command_checks_all(
+	[ 'initdb', '-o', '65535', "$tempdir/data-o65535" ],
+	0,
+	[qr/selecting initial multixact offset ... 65535/],
+	[],
+	'selecting initial multixact offset');
+command_checks_all(
+	[ 'initdb', '-x', '65535', "$tempdir/data-x65535" ],
+	0,
+	[qr/selecting initial xid ... 65535/],
+	[],
+	'selecting initial xid');
+
+# Setup new cluster with given mxid/mxoff/xid.
+my $node;
+my $result;
+
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('test-mxid');
+$node->init(extra => ['-m', '16777215']); # 0xFFFFFF
+$node->start;
+$result = $node->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT next_multixact_id FROM pg_control_checkpoint();");
+ok($result >= 16777215, 'setup cluster with given mxid');
+$node->stop;
+
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('test-mxoff');
+$node->init(extra => ['-o', '16777215']); # 0xFFFFFF
+$node->start;
+$result = $node->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT next_multi_offset FROM pg_control_checkpoint();");
+ok($result >= 16777215, 'setup cluster with given mxoff');
+$node->stop;
+
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('test-xid');
+$node->init(extra => ['-x', '16777215']); # 0xFFFFFF
+$node->start;
+$result = $node->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT txid_current();");
+ok($result >= 16777215, 'setup cluster with given xid - check 1');
+$result = $node->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT oldest_xid FROM pg_control_checkpoint();");
+ok($result >= 16777215, 'setup cluster with given xid - check 2');
+$node->stop;
+
 done_testing();
diff --git a/src/include/access/xlog.h b/src/include/access/xlog.h
index a14126d164..48e08029c3 100644
--- a/src/include/access/xlog.h
+++ b/src/include/access/xlog.h
@@ -92,6 +92,9 @@ typedef enum RecoveryState
 } RecoveryState;
 
 extern PGDLLIMPORT int wal_level;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT TransactionId start_xid;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT MultiXactId start_mxid;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT MultiXactOffset start_mxoff;
 
 /* Is WAL archiving enabled (always or only while server is running normally)? */
 #define XLogArchivingActive() \
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
index 55dcd54100..6bd2489712 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ CATALOG(pg_class,1259,RelationRelationId) BKI_BOOTSTRAP BKI_ROWTYPE_OID(83,Relat
 	Oid			relrewrite BKI_DEFAULT(0) BKI_LOOKUP_OPT(pg_class);
 
 	/* all Xids < this are frozen in this rel */
-	TransactionId relfrozenxid BKI_DEFAULT(3);	/* FirstNormalTransactionId */
+	TransactionId relfrozenxid BKI_DEFAULT(RECENTXMIN);	/* FirstNormalTransactionId */
 
 	/* all multixacts in this rel are >= this; it is really a MultiXactId */
 	TransactionId relminmxid BKI_DEFAULT(1);	/* FirstMultiXactId */
diff --git a/src/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Cluster.pm b/src/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Cluster.pm
index a020377761..07b9c9d27a 100644
--- a/src/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Cluster.pm
+++ b/src/test/perl/PostgreSQL/Test/Cluster.pm
@@ -533,7 +533,9 @@ sub init
 	{
 		note("initializing database system by running initdb");
 		PostgreSQL::Test::Utils::system_or_bail('initdb', '-D', $pgdata, '-A',
-			'trust', '-N', @{ $params{extra} });
+			'trust', '-N',
+			'-x', '1249835483136', '-m', '2422361554944', '-o', '3594887626752',
+			@{ $params{extra} });
 	}
 	else
 	{
diff --git a/src/test/regress/pg_regress.c b/src/test/regress/pg_regress.c
index a9b8246cb7..bf81e78817 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/pg_regress.c
+++ b/src/test/regress/pg_regress.c
@@ -2344,7 +2344,8 @@ regression_main(int argc, char *argv[],
 			note("initializing database system by running initdb");
 
 			appendStringInfo(&cmd,
-							 "\"%s%sinitdb\" -D \"%s/data\" --no-clean --no-sync",
+							 "\"%s%sinitdb\" -D \"%s/data\" --no-clean --no-sync"
+							 " -x 1249835483136 -m 2422361554944 -o 3594887626752",
 							 bindir ? bindir : "",
 							 bindir ? "/" : "",
 							 temp_instance);
diff --git a/src/test/xid-64/t/001_test_large_xids.pl b/src/test/xid-64/t/001_test_large_xids.pl
new file mode 100644
index 0000000000..4c7dbc6cb1
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/test/xid-64/t/001_test_large_xids.pl
@@ -0,0 +1,54 @@
+# Tests for large xid values
+use strict;
+use warnings;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster;
+use PostgreSQL::Test::Utils;
+use Test::More;
+use bigint;
+
+sub command_output
+{
+	my ($cmd) = @_;
+	my ($stdout, $stderr);
+	print("# Running: " . join(" ", @{$cmd}) . "\n");
+	my $result = IPC::Run::run $cmd, '>', \$stdout, '2>', \$stderr;
+	ok($result, "@$cmd exit code 0");
+	is($stderr, '', "@$cmd no stderr");
+	return $stdout;
+}
+
+my $START_VAL = 2**32;
+my $MAX_VAL = 2**62;
+
+my $ixid = $START_VAL + int(rand($MAX_VAL - $START_VAL));
+my $imxid = $START_VAL + int(rand($MAX_VAL - $START_VAL));
+my $imoff = $START_VAL + int(rand($MAX_VAL - $START_VAL));
+
+# Initialize master node with the random xid-related parameters
+my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('master');
+$node->init(extra => [ "--xid=$ixid", "--multixact-id=$imxid", "--multixact-offset=$imoff" ]);
+$node->start;
+
+# Initialize master node and check the xid-related parameters
+my $pgcd_output = command_output(
+	[ 'pg_controldata', '-D', $node->data_dir ] );
+print($pgcd_output); print('\n');
+ok($pgcd_output =~ qr/Latest checkpoint's NextXID:\s*(\d+)/, "XID found");
+my ($nextxid) = ($1);
+ok($nextxid >= $ixid && $nextxid < $ixid + 1000,
+	"Latest checkpoint's NextXID ($nextxid) is close to the initial xid ($ixid).");
+ok($pgcd_output =~ qr/Latest checkpoint's NextMultiXactId:\s*(\d+)/, "MultiXactId found");
+my ($nextmxid) = ($1);
+ok($nextmxid >= $imxid && $nextmxid < $imxid + 1000,
+	"Latest checkpoint's NextMultiXactId ($nextmxid) is close to the initial multiXactId ($imxid).");
+ok($pgcd_output =~ qr/Latest checkpoint's NextMultiOffset:\s*(\d+)/, "MultiOffset found");
+my ($nextmoff) = ($1);
+ok($nextmoff >= $imoff && $nextmoff < $imoff + 1000,
+	"Latest checkpoint's NextMultiOffset ($nextmoff) is close to the initial multiOffset ($imoff).");
+
+# Run pgbench to check whether the database is working properly
+$node->command_ok(
+	[ qw(pgbench --initialize --no-vacuum --scale=10) ],
+	  'pgbench finished without errors');
+
+done_testing();
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/test/xid-64/t/002_test_gucs.pl b/src/test/xid-64/t/002_test_gucs.pl
index 9341389233..ff9f2f3052 100644
--- a/src/test/xid-64/t/002_test_gucs.pl
+++ b/src/test/xid-64/t/002_test_gucs.pl
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ my $imoff = $START_VAL + int(rand($MAX_VAL - $START_VAL));
 
 # Initialize master node
 my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('master');
-$node->init;
+$node->init(extra => [ "--xid=$ixid", "--multixact-id=$imxid", "--multixact-offset=$imoff" ]);
 # Disable logging of all statements to avoid log bloat during pgbench
 $node->append_conf('postgresql.conf', "log_statement = none");
 $node->start;
@@ -76,4 +76,4 @@ foreach my $gi (0 .. $#guc_vals) {
 	test_pgbench($node);
 }
 
-done_testing();
+done_testing();
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/src/test/xid-64/t/003_test_integrity.pl b/src/test/xid-64/t/003_test_integrity.pl
index 5b0789688e..2c65d7902e 100644
--- a/src/test/xid-64/t/003_test_integrity.pl
+++ b/src/test/xid-64/t/003_test_integrity.pl
@@ -31,13 +31,13 @@ $node->safe_psql('pgbench_db', qq(
 	CREATE INDEX pa_aid_idx ON pgbench_accounts (aid);
 	CLUSTER pgbench_accounts USING pa_aid_idx));
 $node->command_ok(
-	[ "pg_dump", "-w", "--inserts", "--file=$tempdir/pgbench.sql", "pgbench_db" ],
+	[ "pg_dump", "--encoding=UTF8", "-w", "--inserts", "--file=$tempdir/pgbench.sql", "pgbench_db" ],
 	  'pgdump finished without errors');
 $node->stop('fast');
 
 # Initialize second node
 my $node2 = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('master2');
-$node2->init;
+$node2->init(extra => [ "--xid=$ixid", "--multixact-id=$imxid", "--multixact-offset=$imoff" ]);
 # Disable logging of all statements to avoid log bloat during restore
 $node2->append_conf('postgresql.conf', "log_statement = none");
 $node2->start;
@@ -51,8 +51,11 @@ $node2->command_ok(["psql", "-q", "-f", "$tempdir/pgbench.sql", "pgbench_db"]);
 # Dump the database and compare the dumped content with the previous one
 $node2->safe_psql('pgbench_db', 'CLUSTER pgbench_accounts');
 $node2->command_ok(
-	[ "pg_dump", "-w", "--inserts", "--file=$tempdir/pgbench2.sql", "pgbench_db" ],
+	[ "pg_dump", "--encoding=UTF8", "-w", "--inserts", "--file=$tempdir/pgbench2.sql", "pgbench_db" ],
 	  'pgdump finished without errors');
+print "----\n";
+print File::Compare::compare_text("$tempdir/pgbench.sql", "$tempdir/pgbench2.sql");
+print "----\n";
 ok(File::Compare::compare_text("$tempdir/pgbench.sql", "$tempdir/pgbench2.sql") == 0, "no differences detected");
 
 done_testing();
diff --git a/src/test/xid-64/t/004_test_relminmxid.pl b/src/test/xid-64/t/004_test_relminmxid.pl
index e924f9cd9a..e1f6e556e5 100644
--- a/src/test/xid-64/t/004_test_relminmxid.pl
+++ b/src/test/xid-64/t/004_test_relminmxid.pl
@@ -8,7 +8,7 @@ use bigint;
 
 my ($node, $rmm, $vacout);
 $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('master');
-$node->init;
+$node->init(extra => [ "--xid=3", "--multixact-id=1", "--multixact-offset=0" ]);
 $node->append_conf('postgresql.conf', 'max_prepared_transactions = 2');
 $node->start;
 
diff --git a/src/test/xid-64/t/005_stream_subxact.pl b/src/test/xid-64/t/005_stream_subxact.pl
index 6765f6061c..1379af6816 100644
--- a/src/test/xid-64/t/005_stream_subxact.pl
+++ b/src/test/xid-64/t/005_stream_subxact.pl
@@ -15,7 +15,7 @@ use Test::More;
 
 # Create publisher node
 my $node_publisher = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('publisher');
-$node_publisher->init(allows_streaming => 'logical');
+$node_publisher->init(allows_streaming => 'logical', extra => ['-x', '4294966545']);
 $node_publisher->append_conf('postgresql.conf',
 	'logical_decoding_work_mem = 64kB');
 $node_publisher->start;
diff --git a/src/test/xid-64/t/006_zeropage.pl b/src/test/xid-64/t/006_zeropage.pl
index 4b87c90edc..fd3ac3973f 100644
--- a/src/test/xid-64/t/006_zeropage.pl
+++ b/src/test/xid-64/t/006_zeropage.pl
@@ -17,7 +17,7 @@ sub command_output
 }
 
 my $node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('main');
-$node->init;
+$node->init(extra => [ "--xid=3", "--multixact-id=3", "--multixact-offset=0" ]);;
 $node->start;
 my $pgdata = $node->data_dir;
 my $xlogfilename0 = $node->safe_psql('postgres',
-- 
2.34.1