v11-0001-CREATE-DATABASE-make-LOCALE-apply-to-all-collati.patch

From 4c474b5f0af86611480143dcf89918f9329ba512 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Jeff Davis <jeff@j-davis.com>
Date: Tue, 25 Apr 2023 15:01:55 -0700
Subject: [PATCH v11] CREATE DATABASE: make LOCALE apply to all collation
 providers.

Previously, LOCALE applied only to LC_COLLATE and LC_CTYPE. That could
lead to confusion when the provider is ICU.

Discussion: https://postgr.es/m/3391932.1682107209@sss.pgh.pa.us
---
 doc/src/sgml/ref/create_collation.sgml        | 23 +++++---
 doc/src/sgml/ref/create_database.sgml         | 57 +++++++++++++++----
 doc/src/sgml/ref/createdb.sgml                |  5 +-
 doc/src/sgml/ref/initdb.sgml                  |  7 ++-
 src/backend/commands/collationcmds.c          |  2 +-
 src/backend/commands/dbcommands.c             | 17 ++++--
 src/bin/initdb/initdb.c                       | 10 +++-
 src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl                | 11 ++++
 src/bin/scripts/createdb.c                    | 13 ++---
 src/bin/scripts/t/020_createdb.pl             | 15 ++++-
 src/test/icu/t/010_database.pl                | 30 +++++++---
 .../regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out     | 22 +++----
 12 files changed, 152 insertions(+), 60 deletions(-)

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_collation.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_collation.sgml
index f6353da5c1..b86a9bbb9c 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_collation.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_collation.sgml
@@ -85,9 +85,16 @@ CREATE COLLATION [ IF NOT EXISTS ] <replaceable>name</replaceable> FROM <replace
 
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       This is a shortcut for setting <symbol>LC_COLLATE</symbol>
-       and <symbol>LC_CTYPE</symbol> at once.  If you specify this,
-       you cannot specify either of those parameters.
+       The locale name for this collation. See <xref
+       linkend="collation-managing-create-libc"/> and <xref
+       linkend="collation-managing-create-icu"/> for details.
+      </para>
+      <para>
+       If <replaceable>provider</replaceable> is <literal>libc</literal>, this
+       is a shortcut for setting <symbol>LC_COLLATE</symbol> and
+       <symbol>LC_CTYPE</symbol> at once.  If you specify
+       <replaceable>locale</replaceable>, you cannot specify either of those
+       parameters.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -97,8 +104,9 @@ CREATE COLLATION [ IF NOT EXISTS ] <replaceable>name</replaceable> FROM <replace
 
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Use the specified operating system locale for
-       the <symbol>LC_COLLATE</symbol> locale category.
+       If <replaceable>provider</replaceable> is <literal>libc</literal>, use
+       the specified operating system locale for the
+       <symbol>LC_COLLATE</symbol> locale category.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
@@ -108,8 +116,9 @@ CREATE COLLATION [ IF NOT EXISTS ] <replaceable>name</replaceable> FROM <replace
 
      <listitem>
       <para>
-       Use the specified operating system locale for
-       the <symbol>LC_CTYPE</symbol> locale category.
+       If <replaceable>provider</replaceable> is <literal>libc</literal>, use
+       the specified operating system locale for the <symbol>LC_CTYPE</symbol>
+       locale category.
       </para>
      </listitem>
     </varlistentry>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_database.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_database.sgml
index 13793bb6b7..dab05950ed 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_database.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/create_database.sgml
@@ -145,8 +145,22 @@ CREATE DATABASE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable>
       <term><replaceable class="parameter">locale</replaceable></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        This is a shortcut for setting <symbol>LC_COLLATE</symbol>
-        and <symbol>LC_CTYPE</symbol> at once.
+        Sets the default collation order and character classification in the
+        new database.  Collation affects the sort order applied to strings,
+        e.g., in queries with ORDER BY, as well as the order used in indexes
+        on text columns.  Character classification affects the categorization
+        of characters, e.g., lower, - upper and digit.  Also sets the
+        associated aspects of the operating system environment,
+        <literal>LC_COLLATE</literal> and <literal>LC_CTYPE</literal>.  The
+        default is the same setting as the template database.  See <xref
+        linkend="collation-managing-create-libc"/> and <xref
+        linkend="collation-managing-create-icu"/> for details.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+        Can be overridden by setting <xref
+        linkend="create-database-lc-collate"/>, <xref
+        linkend="create-database-lc-ctype"/>, or <xref
+        linkend="create-database-icu-locale"/> individually.
        </para>
        <tip>
         <para>
@@ -164,11 +178,17 @@ CREATE DATABASE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable>
       <term><replaceable class="parameter">lc_collate</replaceable></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        Collation order (<literal>LC_COLLATE</literal>) to use in the new database.
-        This affects the sort order applied to strings, e.g., in queries with
-        ORDER BY, as well as the order used in indexes on text columns.
-        The default is to use the collation order of the template database.
-        See below for additional restrictions.
+        Sets <literal>LC_COLLATE</literal> in the database server's operating
+        system environment.  The default is the setting of <xref
+        linkend="create-database-locale"/> if specified; otherwise the same
+        setting as the template database.  See below for additional
+        restrictions.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+        If <xref linkend="create-database-locale-provider"/> is
+        <literal>libc</literal>, also sets the default collation order to use
+        in the new database, overriding the setting <xref
+        linkend="create-database-locale"/>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
@@ -176,10 +196,17 @@ CREATE DATABASE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable>
       <term><replaceable class="parameter">lc_ctype</replaceable></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        Character classification (<literal>LC_CTYPE</literal>) to use in the new
-        database. This affects the categorization of characters, e.g., lower,
-        upper and digit. The default is to use the character classification of
-        the template database. See below for additional restrictions.
+        Sets <literal>LC_CTYPE</literal> in the database server's operating
+        system environment.  The default is the setting of <xref
+        linkend="create-database-locale"/> if specified; otherwise the same
+        setting as the template database.  See below for additional
+        restrictions.
+       </para>
+       <para>
+        If <xref linkend="create-database-locale-provider"/> is
+        <literal>libc</literal>, also sets the default character
+        classification to use in the new database, overriding the setting
+        <xref linkend="create-database-locale"/>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
@@ -188,7 +215,13 @@ CREATE DATABASE <replaceable class="parameter">name</replaceable>
       <term><replaceable class="parameter">icu_locale</replaceable></term>
       <listitem>
        <para>
-        Specifies the ICU locale ID if the ICU locale provider is used.
+        Specifies the ICU locale (see <xref
+        linkend="collation-managing-create-icu"/>) for the database default
+        collation order and character classification, overriding the setting
+        <xref linkend="create-database-locale"/>.  The <xref
+        linkend="create-database-locale-provider"/> must be ICU.  The default
+        is the setting of <xref linkend="create-database-locale"/> if
+        specified; otherwise the same setting as the template database.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/createdb.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/createdb.sgml
index e23419ba6c..e4647d5ce7 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/createdb.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/createdb.sgml
@@ -124,7 +124,10 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
       <listitem>
        <para>
         Specifies the locale to be used in this database.  This is equivalent
-        to specifying both <option>--lc-collate</option> and <option>--lc-ctype</option>.
+        to specifying <option>--lc-collate</option>,
+        <option>--lc-ctype</option>, and <option>--icu-locale</option> to the
+        same value. Some locales are only valid for ICU and must be set with
+        <option>--icu-locale</option>.
        </para>
       </listitem>
      </varlistentry>
diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/initdb.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/initdb.sgml
index 87945b4b62..f850dc404d 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/initdb.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/initdb.sgml
@@ -116,9 +116,10 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
   <para>
    To choose a different locale for the cluster, use the option
    <option>--locale</option>.  There are also individual options
-   <option>--lc-*</option> (see below) to set values for the individual locale
-   categories.  Note that inconsistent settings for different locale
-   categories can give nonsensical results, so this should be used with care.
+   <option>--lc-*</option> and <option>--icu-locale</option> (see below) to
+   set values for the individual locale categories.  Note that inconsistent
+   settings for different locale categories can give nonsensical results, so
+   this should be used with care.
   </para>
 
   <para>
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/collationcmds.c b/src/backend/commands/collationcmds.c
index 2969a2bb21..efb8b4d289 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/collationcmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/collationcmds.c
@@ -276,7 +276,7 @@ DefineCollation(ParseState *pstate, List *names, List *parameters, bool if_not_e
 				if (langtag && strcmp(colliculocale, langtag) != 0)
 				{
 					ereport(NOTICE,
-							(errmsg("using standard form \"%s\" for locale \"%s\"",
+							(errmsg("using standard form \"%s\" for ICU locale \"%s\"",
 									langtag, colliculocale)));
 
 					colliculocale = langtag;
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/dbcommands.c b/src/backend/commands/dbcommands.c
index 99d4080ea9..09f1ab41ad 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/dbcommands.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/dbcommands.c
@@ -1017,7 +1017,12 @@ createdb(ParseState *pstate, const CreatedbStmt *stmt)
 	if (dblocprovider == '\0')
 		dblocprovider = src_locprovider;
 	if (dbiculocale == NULL && dblocprovider == COLLPROVIDER_ICU)
-		dbiculocale = src_iculocale;
+	{
+		if (dlocale && dlocale->arg)
+			dbiculocale = defGetString(dlocale);
+		else
+			dbiculocale = src_iculocale;
+	}
 	if (dbicurules == NULL && dblocprovider == COLLPROVIDER_ICU)
 		dbicurules = src_icurules;
 
@@ -1031,12 +1036,14 @@ createdb(ParseState *pstate, const CreatedbStmt *stmt)
 	if (!check_locale(LC_COLLATE, dbcollate, &canonname))
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
-				 errmsg("invalid locale name: \"%s\"", dbcollate)));
+				 errmsg("invalid LC_COLLATE locale name: \"%s\"", dbcollate),
+				 errhint("If the locale name is specific to ICU, use ICU_LOCALE.")));
 	dbcollate = canonname;
 	if (!check_locale(LC_CTYPE, dbctype, &canonname))
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_WRONG_OBJECT_TYPE),
-				 errmsg("invalid locale name: \"%s\"", dbctype)));
+				 errmsg("invalid LC_CTYPE locale name: \"%s\"", dbctype),
+				 errhint("If the locale name is specific to ICU, use ICU_LOCALE.")));
 	dbctype = canonname;
 
 	check_encoding_locale_matches(encoding, dbcollate, dbctype);
@@ -1056,7 +1063,7 @@ createdb(ParseState *pstate, const CreatedbStmt *stmt)
 		if (!dbiculocale)
 			ereport(ERROR,
 					(errcode(ERRCODE_INVALID_PARAMETER_VALUE),
-					 errmsg("ICU locale must be specified")));
+					 errmsg("LOCALE or ICU_LOCALE must be specified")));
 
 		/*
 		 * During binary upgrade, or when the locale came from the template
@@ -1071,7 +1078,7 @@ createdb(ParseState *pstate, const CreatedbStmt *stmt)
 			if (langtag && strcmp(dbiculocale, langtag) != 0)
 			{
 				ereport(NOTICE,
-						(errmsg("using standard form \"%s\" for locale \"%s\"",
+						(errmsg("using standard form \"%s\" for ICU locale \"%s\"",
 								langtag, dbiculocale)));
 
 				dbiculocale = langtag;
diff --git a/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c b/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
index 09a5c98cc0..71a3d26c37 100644
--- a/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
+++ b/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
@@ -2163,7 +2163,11 @@ check_locale_name(int category, const char *locale, char **canonname)
 	if (res == NULL)
 	{
 		if (*locale)
-			pg_fatal("invalid locale name \"%s\"", locale);
+		{
+			pg_log_error("invalid locale name \"%s\"", locale);
+			pg_log_error_hint("If the locale name is specific to ICU, use --icu-locale.");
+			exit(1);
+		}
 		else
 		{
 			/*
@@ -2376,7 +2380,7 @@ setlocales(void)
 {
 	char	   *canonname;
 
-	/* set empty lc_* values to locale config if set */
+	/* set empty lc_* and iculocale values to locale config if set */
 
 	if (locale)
 	{
@@ -2392,6 +2396,8 @@ setlocales(void)
 			lc_monetary = locale;
 		if (!lc_messages)
 			lc_messages = locale;
+		if (!icu_locale && locale_provider == COLLPROVIDER_ICU)
+			icu_locale = locale;
 	}
 
 	/*
diff --git a/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl b/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl
index fa00bb3dab..cf55a84cd1 100644
--- a/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl
+++ b/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl
@@ -111,6 +111,17 @@ if ($ENV{with_icu} eq 'yes')
 		],
 		'option --icu-locale');
 
+	command_like(
+		[
+			'initdb', '--no-sync', '-A', 'trust',
+			'--locale-provider=icu', '--locale=und',
+			'--lc-collate=C', '--lc-ctype=C', '--lc-messages=C',
+			'--lc-numeric=C', '--lc-monetary=C', '--lc-time=C',
+			"$tempdir/data4"
+		],
+		qr/^\s+ICU locale:\s+und\n/ms,
+		'options --locale-provider=icu --locale=und --lc-*=C');
+
 	command_fails_like(
 		[
 			'initdb', '--no-sync',
diff --git a/src/bin/scripts/createdb.c b/src/bin/scripts/createdb.c
index b4205c4fa5..9ca86a3e53 100644
--- a/src/bin/scripts/createdb.c
+++ b/src/bin/scripts/createdb.c
@@ -164,14 +164,6 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 			exit(1);
 	}
 
-	if (locale)
-	{
-		if (!lc_ctype)
-			lc_ctype = locale;
-		if (!lc_collate)
-			lc_collate = locale;
-	}
-
 	if (encoding)
 	{
 		if (pg_char_to_encoding(encoding) < 0)
@@ -219,6 +211,11 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		appendPQExpBuffer(&sql, " STRATEGY %s", fmtId(strategy));
 	if (template)
 		appendPQExpBuffer(&sql, " TEMPLATE %s", fmtId(template));
+	if (locale)
+	{
+		appendPQExpBufferStr(&sql, " LOCALE ");
+		appendStringLiteralConn(&sql, locale, conn);
+	}
 	if (lc_collate)
 	{
 		appendPQExpBufferStr(&sql, " LC_COLLATE ");
diff --git a/src/bin/scripts/t/020_createdb.pl b/src/bin/scripts/t/020_createdb.pl
index d0830a4a1d..694ec56804 100644
--- a/src/bin/scripts/t/020_createdb.pl
+++ b/src/bin/scripts/t/020_createdb.pl
@@ -86,6 +86,15 @@ if ($ENV{with_icu} eq 'yes')
 		],
 		'create database with icu locale from template database with icu provider'
 	);
+
+	$node2->command_ok(
+		[
+			'createdb', '-T', 'template0', '--locale-provider', 'icu',
+			'--locale', 'en', '--lc-collate', 'C', '--lc-ctype', 'C',
+			'foobar57'
+		],
+		'create database with locale as ICU locale'
+	);
 }
 else
 {
@@ -110,7 +119,7 @@ ALTER TABLE tab_foobar owner to role_foobar;
 CREATE POLICY pol_foobar ON tab_foobar FOR ALL TO role_foobar;');
 $node->issues_sql_like(
 	[ 'createdb', '-l', 'C', '-T', 'foobar2', 'foobar3' ],
-	qr/statement: CREATE DATABASE foobar3 TEMPLATE foobar2/,
+	qr/statement: CREATE DATABASE foobar3 TEMPLATE foobar2 LOCALE 'C'/,
 	'create database with template');
 ($ret, $stdout, $stderr) = $node->psql(
 	'foobar3',
@@ -137,7 +146,7 @@ $node->command_checks_all(
 	1,
 	[qr/^$/],
 	[
-		qr/^createdb: error: database creation failed: ERROR:  invalid locale name|^createdb: error: database creation failed: ERROR:  new collation \(foo'; SELECT '1\) is incompatible with the collation of the template database/s
+		qr/^createdb: error: database creation failed: ERROR:  invalid LC_COLLATE locale name|^createdb: error: database creation failed: ERROR:  new collation \(foo'; SELECT '1\) is incompatible with the collation of the template database/s
 	],
 	'createdb with incorrect --lc-collate');
 $node->command_checks_all(
@@ -145,7 +154,7 @@ $node->command_checks_all(
 	1,
 	[qr/^$/],
 	[
-		qr/^createdb: error: database creation failed: ERROR:  invalid locale name|^createdb: error: database creation failed: ERROR:  new LC_CTYPE \(foo'; SELECT '1\) is incompatible with the LC_CTYPE of the template database/s
+		qr/^createdb: error: database creation failed: ERROR:  invalid LC_CTYPE locale name|^createdb: error: database creation failed: ERROR:  new LC_CTYPE \(foo'; SELECT '1\) is incompatible with the LC_CTYPE of the template database/s
 	],
 	'createdb with incorrect --lc-ctype');
 
diff --git a/src/test/icu/t/010_database.pl b/src/test/icu/t/010_database.pl
index d3901f5d3f..b417b1a409 100644
--- a/src/test/icu/t/010_database.pl
+++ b/src/test/icu/t/010_database.pl
@@ -51,17 +51,33 @@ b),
 	'sort by explicit collation upper first');
 
 
-# Test error cases in CREATE DATABASE involving locale-related options
+# Test that LOCALE='C' works for ICU
+my $ret1 = $node1->psql('postgres',
+	q{CREATE DATABASE dbicu1 LOCALE_PROVIDER icu LOCALE 'C' TEMPLATE template0 ENCODING UTF8}
+);
+is($ret1, 0,
+	"C locale works for ICU");
 
-my ($ret, $stdout, $stderr) = $node1->psql('postgres',
-	q{CREATE DATABASE dbicu LOCALE_PROVIDER icu LOCALE 'C' TEMPLATE template0 ENCODING UTF8}
+# Test that LOCALE works for ICU locales if LC_COLLATE and LC_CTYPE
+# are specified
+my $ret2 = $node1->psql('postgres',
+	q{CREATE DATABASE dbicu2 LOCALE_PROVIDER icu LOCALE '@colStrength=primary'
+      LC_COLLATE='C' LC_CTYPE='C' TEMPLATE template0 ENCODING UTF8}
 );
-isnt($ret, 0,
-	"ICU locale must be specified for ICU provider: exit code not 0");
+is($ret2, 0,
+	"LOCALE works for ICU locales if LC_COLLATE and LC_CTYPE are specified");
+
+# Test that ICU-specific LOCALE without LC_COLLATE and LC_CTYPE must
+# be specified with ICU_LOCALE
+my ($ret3, $stdout, $stderr) = $node1->psql('postgres',
+	q{CREATE DATABASE dbicu3 LOCALE_PROVIDER icu LOCALE '@colStrength=primary'
+      TEMPLATE template0 ENCODING UTF8});
+isnt($ret3, 0,
+	"ICU-specific locale must be specified with ICU_LOCALE: exit code not 0");
 like(
 	$stderr,
-	qr/ERROR:  ICU locale must be specified/,
-	"ICU locale must be specified for ICU provider: error message");
+	qr/ERROR:  invalid LC_COLLATE locale name/,
+	"ICU-specific locale must be specified with ICU_LOCALE: error message");
 
 
 done_testing();
diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out b/src/test/regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out
index 00dee24549..dc96e590f7 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out
+++ b/src/test/regress/expected/collate.icu.utf8.out
@@ -1194,9 +1194,9 @@ SELECT 'coté' < 'côte' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'coté' > 'côte' COLLATE testcoll
 (1 row)
 
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_lower_first (provider = icu, locale = '@colCaseFirst=lower');
-NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-kf-lower" for locale "@colCaseFirst=lower"
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-kf-lower" for ICU locale "@colCaseFirst=lower"
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_upper_first (provider = icu, locale = '@colCaseFirst=upper');
-NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-kf-upper" for locale "@colCaseFirst=upper"
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-kf-upper" for ICU locale "@colCaseFirst=upper"
 SELECT 'aaa' < 'AAA' COLLATE testcoll_lower_first, 'aaa' > 'AAA' COLLATE testcoll_upper_first;
  ?column? | ?column? 
 ----------+----------
@@ -1204,7 +1204,7 @@ SELECT 'aaa' < 'AAA' COLLATE testcoll_lower_first, 'aaa' > 'AAA' COLLATE testcol
 (1 row)
 
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_shifted (provider = icu, locale = '@colAlternate=shifted');
-NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-ka-shifted" for locale "@colAlternate=shifted"
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-ka-shifted" for ICU locale "@colAlternate=shifted"
 SELECT 'de-luge' < 'deanza' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'de-luge' > 'deanza' COLLATE testcoll_shifted;
  ?column? | ?column? 
 ----------+----------
@@ -1221,12 +1221,12 @@ SELECT 'A-21' > 'A-123' COLLATE "und-x-icu", 'A-21' < 'A-123' COLLATE testcoll_n
 (1 row)
 
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_error1 (provider = icu, locale = '@colNumeric=lower');
-NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-kn-lower" for locale "@colNumeric=lower"
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-kn-lower" for ICU locale "@colNumeric=lower"
 ERROR:  could not open collator for locale "und-u-kn-lower": U_ILLEGAL_ARGUMENT_ERROR
 -- test that attributes not handled by icu_set_collation_attributes()
 -- (handled by ucol_open() directly) also work
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_de_phonebook (provider = icu, locale = 'de@collation=phonebook');
-NOTICE:  using standard form "de-u-co-phonebk" for locale "de@collation=phonebook"
+NOTICE:  using standard form "de-u-co-phonebk" for ICU locale "de@collation=phonebook"
 SELECT 'Goldmann' < 'Götz' COLLATE "de-x-icu", 'Goldmann' > 'Götz' COLLATE testcoll_de_phonebook;
  ?column? | ?column? 
 ----------+----------
@@ -1235,7 +1235,7 @@ SELECT 'Goldmann' < 'Götz' COLLATE "de-x-icu", 'Goldmann' > 'Götz' COLLATE tes
 
 -- rules
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_rules1 (provider = icu, locale = '', rules = '&a < g');
-NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for ICU locale ""
 CREATE TABLE test7 (a text);
 -- example from https://unicode-org.github.io/icu/userguide/collation/customization/#syntax
 INSERT INTO test7 VALUES ('Abernathy'), ('apple'), ('bird'), ('Boston'), ('Graham'), ('green');
@@ -1263,13 +1263,13 @@ SELECT * FROM test7 ORDER BY a COLLATE testcoll_rules1;
 
 DROP TABLE test7;
 CREATE COLLATION testcoll_rulesx (provider = icu, locale = '', rules = '!!wrong!!');
-NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for ICU locale ""
 ERROR:  could not open collator for locale "und" with rules "!!wrong!!": U_INVALID_FORMAT_ERROR
 -- nondeterministic collations
 CREATE COLLATION ctest_det (provider = icu, locale = '', deterministic = true);
-NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for ICU locale ""
 CREATE COLLATION ctest_nondet (provider = icu, locale = '', deterministic = false);
-NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for ICU locale ""
 CREATE TABLE test6 (a int, b text);
 -- same string in different normal forms
 INSERT INTO test6 VALUES (1, U&'\00E4bc');
@@ -1319,9 +1319,9 @@ SELECT * FROM test6a WHERE b = ARRAY['äbc'] COLLATE ctest_nondet;
 (2 rows)
 
 CREATE COLLATION case_sensitive (provider = icu, locale = '');
-NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for locale ""
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und" for ICU locale ""
 CREATE COLLATION case_insensitive (provider = icu, locale = '@colStrength=secondary', deterministic = false);
-NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-ks-level2" for locale "@colStrength=secondary"
+NOTICE:  using standard form "und-u-ks-level2" for ICU locale "@colStrength=secondary"
 SELECT 'abc' <= 'ABC' COLLATE case_sensitive, 'abc' >= 'ABC' COLLATE case_sensitive;
  ?column? | ?column? 
 ----------+----------
-- 
2.34.1