20121207_reindex_concurrently_v3.patch

diff --git a/doc/src/sgml/ref/reindex.sgml b/doc/src/sgml/ref/reindex.sgml
index 7222665..2931329 100644
--- a/doc/src/sgml/ref/reindex.sgml
+++ b/doc/src/sgml/ref/reindex.sgml
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ PostgreSQL documentation
 
  <refsynopsisdiv>
 <synopsis>
-REINDEX { INDEX | TABLE | DATABASE | SYSTEM } <replaceable class="PARAMETER">name</replaceable> [ FORCE ]
+REINDEX { INDEX | TABLE | DATABASE | SYSTEM } <replaceable class="PARAMETER">name</replaceable> [ FORCE ] [ CONCURRENTLY ]
 </synopsis>
  </refsynopsisdiv>
 
@@ -68,9 +68,10 @@ REINDEX { INDEX | TABLE | DATABASE | SYSTEM } <replaceable class="PARAMETER">nam
       An index build with the <literal>CONCURRENTLY</> option failed, leaving
       an <quote>invalid</> index. Such indexes are useless but it can be
       convenient to use <command>REINDEX</> to rebuild them. Note that
-      <command>REINDEX</> will not perform a concurrent build. To build the
-      index without interfering with production you should drop the index and
-      reissue the <command>CREATE INDEX CONCURRENTLY</> command.
+      <command>REINDEX</> will not perform a concurrent build if <literal>
+      CONCURRENTLY</> is not specified. To build the index without interfering
+      with production you should drop the index and reissue the <command>CREATE
+      INDEX CONCURRENTLY</> or <command>REINDEX CONCURRENTLY</> command.
      </para>
     </listitem>
 
@@ -139,6 +140,21 @@ REINDEX { INDEX | TABLE | DATABASE | SYSTEM } <replaceable class="PARAMETER">nam
    </varlistentry>
 
    <varlistentry>
+    <term><literal>CONCURRENTLY</literal></term>
+    <listitem>
+     <para>
+      When this option is used, <productname>PostgreSQL</> will rebuild the
+      index without taking any locks that prevent concurrent inserts,
+      updates, or deletes on the table; whereas a standard reindex build
+      locks out writes (but not reads) on the table until it's done.
+      There are several caveats to be aware of when using this option
+      &mdash; see <xref linkend="SQL-REINDEX-CONCURRENTLY"
+      endterm="SQL-REINDEX-CONCURRENTLY-title">.
+     </para>
+    </listitem>
+   </varlistentry>
+
+   <varlistentry>
     <term><literal>FORCE</literal></term>
     <listitem>
      <para>
@@ -231,6 +247,93 @@ REINDEX { INDEX | TABLE | DATABASE | SYSTEM } <replaceable class="PARAMETER">nam
    to be reindexed by separate commands.  This is still possible, but
    redundant.
   </para>
+
+
+  <refsect2 id="SQL-REINDEX-CONCURRENTLY">
+   <title id="SQL-REINDEX-CONCURRENTLY-title">Rebuilding Indexes Concurrently</title>
+
+   <indexterm zone="SQL-REINDEX-CONCURRENTLY">
+   <primary>index</primary>
+   <secondary>rebuilding concurrently</secondary>
+   </indexterm>
+
+   <para>
+    Rebuilding an index can interfere with regular operation of a database.
+    Normally <productname>PostgreSQL</> locks the table whose index is rebuilt
+    against writes and performs the entire index build with a single scan of the
+    table. Other transactions can still read the table, but if they try to
+    insert, update, or delete rows in the table they will block until the
+    index rebuild is finished. This could have a severe effect if the system is
+    a live production database.  Very large tables can take many hours to be
+    indexed, and even for smaller tables, an index rebuild can lock out writers
+    for periods that are unacceptably long for a production system.
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+    <productname>PostgreSQL</> supports rebuilding indexes without locking
+    out writes.  This method is invoked by specifying the
+    <literal>CONCURRENTLY</> option of <command>REINDEX</>.
+    When this option is used, <productname>PostgreSQL</> must perform two
+    scans of the table for each index that needs to be rebuild and in
+    addition it must wait for all existing transactions that could potentially
+    use the index to terminate. This method requires more total work than a
+    standard index rebuild and takes significantly longer to complete as it
+    needs to wait for unfinished transactiions that might modify the index.
+    However, since it allows normal operations to continue while the index
+    is rebuilt, this method is useful for rebuilding indexes in a production
+    environment.  Of course, the extra CPU, memory and I/O load imposed by
+    the index rebuild might slow other operations.
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+    In a concurrent index build, a new index that will replace the one to
+    be rebuild is actually entered into the system catalogs in one transaction,
+    then two table scans occur in two more transactions and to make the new
+    index valid from the other backends.  Once this is performed, the old
+    and fresh indexes are swapped in, and the old index is marked as invalid
+    in a third transaction. Finally two additional transactions are used to mark
+    the old index as not ready and then drop it.
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+    If a problem arises while rebuilding the indexes, such as a
+    uniqueness violation in a unique index, the <command>REINDEX</>
+    command will fail but leave behind an <quote>invalid</> new index on top
+    of the existing one. This index will be ignored for querying purposes
+    because it might be incomplete; however it will still consume update
+    overhead. The <application>psql</> <command>\d</> command will report
+    such an index as <literal>INVALID</>:
+
+<programlisting>
+postgres=# \d tab
+       Table "public.tab"
+ Column |  Type   | Modifiers
+--------+---------+-----------
+ col    | integer |
+Indexes:
+    "idx" btree (col)
+    "idx_cct" btree (col) INVALID
+</programlisting>
+
+    The recommended recovery method in such cases is to drop the concurrent
+    index and try again to perform <command>REINDEX CONCURRENTLY</> once again.
+    The concurrent index created during the processing has a name finishing by
+    the suffix cct.
+   </para>
+
+   <para>
+    Regular index builds permit other regular index builds on the
+    same table to occur in parallel, but only one concurrent index build
+    can occur on a table at a time.  In both cases, no other types of schema
+    modification on the table are allowed meanwhile.  Another difference
+    is that a regular <command>REINDEX TABLE</> or <command>REINDEX INDEX</>
+    command can be performed within a transaction block, but
+    <command>REINDEX CONCURRENTLY</> cannot. <command>REINDEX DATABASE</> is
+    by default not allowed to run inside a transaction block, so in this case
+    <command>CONCURRENTLY</> is not supported.
+   </para>
+
+  </refsect2>
  </refsect1>
 
  <refsect1>
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/index.c b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
index 66012ac..90deb5c 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/index.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/index.c
@@ -671,6 +671,10 @@ UpdateIndexRelation(Oid indexoid,
  *		will be marked "invalid" and the caller must take additional steps
  *		to fix it up.
  * is_internal: if true, post creation hook for new index
+ * is_reindex: if true, create an index that is used as a duplicate of an
+ *		existing index created during a concurrent operation. This index can
+ *		also be a toast relation. Sufficient locks are normally taken on
+ *		the related relations once this is called during a concurrent operation.
  *
  * Returns the OID of the created index.
  */
@@ -694,7 +698,8 @@ index_create(Relation heapRelation,
 			 bool allow_system_table_mods,
 			 bool skip_build,
 			 bool concurrent,
-			 bool is_internal)
+			 bool is_internal,
+			 bool is_reindex)
 {
 	Oid			heapRelationId = RelationGetRelid(heapRelation);
 	Relation	pg_class;
@@ -730,26 +735,31 @@ index_create(Relation heapRelation,
 
 	if (!allow_system_table_mods &&
 		IsSystemRelation(heapRelation) &&
-		IsNormalProcessingMode())
+		IsNormalProcessingMode() &&
+		!is_reindex)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
 				 errmsg("user-defined indexes on system catalog tables are not supported")));
 
 	/*
 	 * concurrent index build on a system catalog is unsafe because we tend to
-	 * release locks before committing in catalogs
+	 * release locks before committing in catalogs. If the index is created during
+	 * a REINDEX CONCURRENTLY operation, sufficient locks are already taken.
 	 */
 	if (concurrent &&
-		IsSystemRelation(heapRelation))
+		IsSystemRelation(heapRelation) &&
+		!is_reindex)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
 				 errmsg("concurrent index creation on system catalog tables is not supported")));
 
 	/*
 	 * This case is currently not supported, but there's no way to ask for it
-	 * in the grammar anyway, so it can't happen.
+	 * in the grammar anyway, so it can't happen. This might be called during a
+	 * conccurrent reindex operation, in this case sufficient locks are already
+	 * taken on the related relations.
 	 */
-	if (concurrent && is_exclusion)
+	if (concurrent && is_exclusion && !is_reindex)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
 				 errmsg_internal("concurrent index creation for exclusion constraints is not supported")));
@@ -1095,6 +1105,243 @@ index_create(Relation heapRelation,
 	return indexRelationId;
 }
 
+
+/*
+ * index_concurrent_create
+ *
+ * Create an index based on the given one that will be used for concurrent
+ * operations. The index is inserted into catalogs and needs to be built later
+ * on. This is called during concurrent index processing. The heap relation
+ * on which is based the index needs to be closed by the caller.
+ */
+Oid
+index_concurrent_create(Relation heapRelation, Oid indOid, char *concurrentName)
+{
+	Relation	indexRelation;
+	IndexInfo  *indexInfo;
+	Oid			concurrentOid = InvalidOid;
+	List	   *columnNames = NIL;
+	int			i;
+	HeapTuple	indexTuple;
+	Datum		indclassDatum, indoptionDatum;
+	oidvector  *indclass;
+	int2vector *indcoloptions;
+	bool		isnull;
+	bool		isconstraint;
+	bool		initdeferred = false;
+	Oid			constraintOid = get_index_constraint(indOid);
+
+	indexRelation = index_open(indOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/* Concurrent index uses the same index information as former index */
+	indexInfo = BuildIndexInfo(indexRelation);
+
+	/*
+	 * Determine if index is initdeferred, this depends on its dependent
+	 * constraint.
+	 */
+	if (OidIsValid(constraintOid))
+	{
+		/* Look for the correct value */
+		HeapTuple			constTuple;
+		Form_pg_constraint	constraint;
+
+		constTuple = SearchSysCache1(CONSTROID,
+									 ObjectIdGetDatum(constraintOid));
+		if (!HeapTupleIsValid(constTuple))
+			elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for constraint %u",
+				 constraintOid);
+		constraint = (Form_pg_constraint) GETSTRUCT(constTuple);
+		initdeferred = constraint->condeferred;
+
+		ReleaseSysCache(constTuple);
+	}
+
+	/* Build the list of column names, necessary for index_create */
+	for (i = 0; i < indexInfo->ii_NumIndexAttrs; i++)
+	{
+		AttrNumber	attnum = indexInfo->ii_KeyAttrNumbers[i];
+		Form_pg_attribute attform = heapRelation->rd_att->attrs[attnum - 1];;
+
+		/* Pick up column name from the relation */
+		columnNames = lappend(columnNames, pstrdup(NameStr(attform->attname)));
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Index is considered as a constraint if it is UNIQUE, PRIMARY  KEY or
+	 * EXCLUSION.
+	 */
+	isconstraint = indexRelation->rd_index->indisunique ||
+		indexRelation->rd_index->indisprimary ||
+		indexRelation->rd_index->indisexclusion;
+
+	/* Get the array of class and column options IDs from index info */
+	indexTuple = SearchSysCache1(INDEXRELID, ObjectIdGetDatum(indOid));
+	if (!HeapTupleIsValid(indexTuple))
+		elog(ERROR, "cache lookup failed for index %u", indOid);
+	indclassDatum = SysCacheGetAttr(INDEXRELID, indexTuple,
+									Anum_pg_index_indclass, &isnull);
+	Assert(!isnull);
+	indclass = (oidvector *) DatumGetPointer(indclassDatum);
+
+	indoptionDatum = SysCacheGetAttr(INDEXRELID, indexTuple,
+									 Anum_pg_index_indoption, &isnull);
+	Assert(!isnull);
+	indcoloptions = (int2vector *) DatumGetPointer(indoptionDatum);
+
+	/* Now create the concurrent index */
+	concurrentOid = index_create(heapRelation,
+								 (const char*)concurrentName,
+								 InvalidOid,
+								 InvalidOid,
+								 indexInfo,
+								 columnNames,
+								 indexRelation->rd_rel->relam,
+								 indexRelation->rd_rel->reltablespace,
+								 indexRelation->rd_indcollation,
+								 indclass->values,
+								 indcoloptions->values,
+								 (Datum) indexRelation->rd_options,
+								 indexRelation->rd_index->indisprimary,
+								 isconstraint,	/* is constraint? */
+								 !indexRelation->rd_index->indimmediate,	/* is deferrable? */
+								 initdeferred,	/* is initially deferred? */
+								 true,	/* allow table to be a system catalog? */
+								 true,	/* skip build? */
+								 true,	/* concurrent? */
+								 false,	/* is_internal */
+								 true); /* reindex? */
+
+	/* Close the relations used and clean up */
+	index_close(indexRelation, RowExclusiveLock);
+	ReleaseSysCache(indexTuple);
+
+	return concurrentOid;
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * index_concurrent_build
+ *
+ * Build index for a concurrent operation. Low-level locks are taken when this
+ * operation is performed to prevent only schema changes.
+ */
+void
+index_concurrent_build(Oid heapOid,
+					   Oid indexOid,
+					   bool isprimary)
+{
+	Relation	rel,
+				indexRelation;
+	IndexInfo  *indexInfo;
+
+	/* Open and lock the parent heap relation */
+	rel = heap_open(heapOid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+
+	/* And the target index relation */
+	indexRelation = index_open(indexOid, RowExclusiveLock);
+
+	/* We have to re-build the IndexInfo struct, since it was lost in commit */
+	indexInfo = BuildIndexInfo(indexRelation);
+	Assert(!indexInfo->ii_ReadyForInserts);
+	indexInfo->ii_Concurrent = true;
+	indexInfo->ii_BrokenHotChain = false;
+
+	/* Now build the index */
+	index_build(rel, indexRelation, indexInfo, isprimary, false);
+
+	/* Close both the relations, but keep the locks */
+	heap_close(rel, NoLock);
+	index_close(indexRelation, NoLock);
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * index_concurrent_swap
+ *
+ * Replace old index by old index in a concurrent context. For the time being
+ * what is done here is switching the relation names of the indexes. If extra
+ * operations are necessary during a concurrent swap, processing should be
+ * added here.
+ */
+void
+index_concurrent_swap(Oid newIndexOid, Oid oldIndexOid)
+{
+	char	nameNew[NAMEDATALEN],
+			nameOld[NAMEDATALEN],
+			nameTemp[NAMEDATALEN];
+
+	/* The new index is going to use the name of the old index */
+	snprintf(nameNew, NAMEDATALEN, "%s", get_rel_name(newIndexOid));
+	snprintf(nameOld, NAMEDATALEN, "%s", get_rel_name(oldIndexOid));
+
+	/* Change the name of old index to something temporary */
+	snprintf(nameTemp, NAMEDATALEN, "cct_%d", oldIndexOid);
+	RenameRelationInternal(oldIndexOid, nameTemp);
+
+	/* Make the catalog update visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	/* Change the name of the new index with the old one */
+	RenameRelationInternal(newIndexOid, nameOld);
+
+	/* Make the catalog update visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+
+	/* Finally change the name of old index with name of the new one */
+	RenameRelationInternal(oldIndexOid, nameNew);
+
+	/* Make the catalog update visible */
+	CommandCounterIncrement();
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * index_concurrent_drop
+ *
+ * Drop a list of indexes in a concurrent process. Deletion has to be done
+ * through performDeletion or dependencies of the index are not dropped.
+ */
+void
+index_concurrent_drop(List *indexIds)
+{
+	ListCell		   *lc;
+	ObjectAddresses	   *objects = new_object_addresses();
+
+	Assert(indexIds != NIL);
+
+	/* Scan the list of indexes and build object list for normal indexes */
+	foreach(lc, indexIds)
+	{
+		Oid				indexOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		Oid				constraintOid = get_index_constraint(indexOid);
+		ObjectAddress	object;
+
+		/* Register constraint or index for drop */
+		if (OidIsValid(constraintOid))
+		{
+			object.classId = ConstraintRelationId;
+			object.objectId = constraintOid;
+		}
+		else
+		{
+			object.classId = RelationRelationId;
+			object.objectId = indexOid;
+		}
+
+		object.objectSubId = 0;
+
+		/* Add object to list */
+		add_exact_object_address(&object, objects);
+	}
+
+	/* Perform deletion for normal and toast indexes */
+	performMultipleDeletions(objects,
+							 PERFORM_DELETION_CONCURRENTLY,
+							 0);
+}
+
+
 /*
  * index_constraint_create
  *
@@ -1325,7 +1572,6 @@ index_drop(Oid indexId, bool concurrent)
 				indexrelid;
 	LOCKTAG		heaplocktag;
 	LOCKMODE	lockmode;
-	VirtualTransactionId *old_lockholders;
 
 	/*
 	 * To drop an index safely, we must grab exclusive lock on its parent
@@ -1464,13 +1710,7 @@ index_drop(Oid indexId, bool concurrent)
 		 * not check for that.	Also, prepared xacts are not reported, which
 		 * is fine since they certainly aren't going to do anything more.
 		 */
-		old_lockholders = GetLockConflicts(&heaplocktag, AccessExclusiveLock);
-
-		while (VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(*old_lockholders))
-		{
-			VirtualXactLock(*old_lockholders, true);
-			old_lockholders++;
-		}
+		WaitForVirtualLocks(heaplocktag, AccessExclusiveLock);
 
 		/*
 		 * No more predicate locks will be acquired on this index, and we're
@@ -1514,13 +1754,7 @@ index_drop(Oid indexId, bool concurrent)
 		 * Wait till every transaction that saw the old index state has
 		 * finished.  The logic here is the same as above.
 		 */
-		old_lockholders = GetLockConflicts(&heaplocktag, AccessExclusiveLock);
-
-		while (VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(*old_lockholders))
-		{
-			VirtualXactLock(*old_lockholders, true);
-			old_lockholders++;
-		}
+		WaitForVirtualLocks(heaplocktag, AccessExclusiveLock);
 
 		/*
 		 * Re-open relations to allow us to complete our actions.
diff --git a/src/backend/catalog/toasting.c b/src/backend/catalog/toasting.c
index 2979819..5181dbc 100644
--- a/src/backend/catalog/toasting.c
+++ b/src/backend/catalog/toasting.c
@@ -280,7 +280,7 @@ create_toast_table(Relation rel, Oid toastOid, Oid toastIndexOid, Datum reloptio
 				 rel->rd_rel->reltablespace,
 				 collationObjectId, classObjectId, coloptions, (Datum) 0,
 				 true, false, false, false,
-				 true, false, false, true);
+				 true, false, false, false, true);
 
 	heap_close(toast_rel, NoLock);
 
diff --git a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
index 75f9ff1..2bcf5b5 100644
--- a/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
+++ b/src/backend/commands/indexcmds.c
@@ -68,8 +68,9 @@ static void ComputeIndexAttrs(IndexInfo *indexInfo,
 static Oid GetIndexOpClass(List *opclass, Oid attrType,
 				char *accessMethodName, Oid accessMethodId);
 static char *ChooseIndexName(const char *tabname, Oid namespaceId,
-				List *colnames, List *exclusionOpNames,
-				bool primary, bool isconstraint);
+							 List *colnames, List *exclusionOpNames,
+							 bool primary, bool isconstraint,
+							 bool concurrent);
 static char *ChooseIndexNameAddition(List *colnames);
 static List *ChooseIndexColumnNames(List *indexElems);
 static void RangeVarCallbackForReindexIndex(const RangeVar *relation,
@@ -311,7 +312,6 @@ DefineIndex(IndexStmt *stmt,
 	Oid			tablespaceId;
 	List	   *indexColNames;
 	Relation	rel;
-	Relation	indexRelation;
 	HeapTuple	tuple;
 	Form_pg_am	accessMethodForm;
 	bool		amcanorder;
@@ -320,13 +320,9 @@ DefineIndex(IndexStmt *stmt,
 	int16	   *coloptions;
 	IndexInfo  *indexInfo;
 	int			numberOfAttributes;
-	VirtualTransactionId *old_lockholders;
-	VirtualTransactionId *old_snapshots;
-	int			n_old_snapshots;
 	LockRelId	heaprelid;
 	LOCKTAG		heaplocktag;
 	Snapshot	snapshot;
-	int			i;
 
 	/*
 	 * count attributes in index
@@ -452,7 +448,8 @@ DefineIndex(IndexStmt *stmt,
 											indexColNames,
 											stmt->excludeOpNames,
 											stmt->primary,
-											stmt->isconstraint);
+											stmt->isconstraint,
+											false);
 
 	/*
 	 * look up the access method, verify it can handle the requested features
@@ -599,7 +596,7 @@ DefineIndex(IndexStmt *stmt,
 					 stmt->isconstraint, stmt->deferrable, stmt->initdeferred,
 					 allowSystemTableMods,
 					 skip_build || stmt->concurrent,
-					 stmt->concurrent, !check_rights);
+					 stmt->concurrent, !check_rights, false);
 
 	/* Add any requested comment */
 	if (stmt->idxcomment != NULL)
@@ -662,18 +659,8 @@ DefineIndex(IndexStmt *stmt,
 	 * one of the transactions in question is blocked trying to acquire an
 	 * exclusive lock on our table.  The lock code will detect deadlock and
 	 * error out properly.
-	 *
-	 * Note: GetLockConflicts() never reports our own xid, hence we need not
-	 * check for that.	Also, prepared xacts are not reported, which is fine
-	 * since they certainly aren't going to do anything more.
 	 */
-	old_lockholders = GetLockConflicts(&heaplocktag, ShareLock);
-
-	while (VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(*old_lockholders))
-	{
-		VirtualXactLock(*old_lockholders, true);
-		old_lockholders++;
-	}
+	WaitForVirtualLocks(heaplocktag, ShareLock);
 
 	/*
 	 * At this moment we are sure that there are no transactions with the
@@ -693,27 +680,13 @@ DefineIndex(IndexStmt *stmt,
 	 * HOT-chain or the extension of the chain is HOT-safe for this index.
 	 */
 
-	/* Open and lock the parent heap relation */
-	rel = heap_openrv(stmt->relation, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
-
-	/* And the target index relation */
-	indexRelation = index_open(indexRelationId, RowExclusiveLock);
-
 	/* Set ActiveSnapshot since functions in the indexes may need it */
 	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
 
-	/* We have to re-build the IndexInfo struct, since it was lost in commit */
-	indexInfo = BuildIndexInfo(indexRelation);
-	Assert(!indexInfo->ii_ReadyForInserts);
-	indexInfo->ii_Concurrent = true;
-	indexInfo->ii_BrokenHotChain = false;
-
-	/* Now build the index */
-	index_build(rel, indexRelation, indexInfo, stmt->primary, false);
-
-	/* Close both the relations, but keep the locks */
-	heap_close(rel, NoLock);
-	index_close(indexRelation, NoLock);
+	/* Perform concurrent build of index */
+	index_concurrent_build(RangeVarGetRelid(stmt->relation, NoLock, false),
+						   indexRelationId,
+						   stmt->primary);
 
 	/*
 	 * Update the pg_index row to mark the index as ready for inserts. Once we
@@ -737,13 +710,7 @@ DefineIndex(IndexStmt *stmt,
 	 * We once again wait until no transaction can have the table open with
 	 * the index marked as read-only for updates.
 	 */
-	old_lockholders = GetLockConflicts(&heaplocktag, ShareLock);
-
-	while (VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(*old_lockholders))
-	{
-		VirtualXactLock(*old_lockholders, true);
-		old_lockholders++;
-	}
+	WaitForVirtualLocks(heaplocktag, ShareLock);
 
 	/*
 	 * Now take the "reference snapshot" that will be used by validate_index()
@@ -772,74 +739,9 @@ DefineIndex(IndexStmt *stmt,
 	 * The index is now valid in the sense that it contains all currently
 	 * interesting tuples.	But since it might not contain tuples deleted just
 	 * before the reference snap was taken, we have to wait out any
-	 * transactions that might have older snapshots.  Obtain a list of VXIDs
-	 * of such transactions, and wait for them individually.
-	 *
-	 * We can exclude any running transactions that have xmin > the xmin of
-	 * our reference snapshot; their oldest snapshot must be newer than ours.
-	 * We can also exclude any transactions that have xmin = zero, since they
-	 * evidently have no live snapshot at all (and any one they might be in
-	 * process of taking is certainly newer than ours).  Transactions in other
-	 * DBs can be ignored too, since they'll never even be able to see this
-	 * index.
-	 *
-	 * We can also exclude autovacuum processes and processes running manual
-	 * lazy VACUUMs, because they won't be fazed by missing index entries
-	 * either.	(Manual ANALYZEs, however, can't be excluded because they
-	 * might be within transactions that are going to do arbitrary operations
-	 * later.)
-	 *
-	 * Also, GetCurrentVirtualXIDs never reports our own vxid, so we need not
-	 * check for that.
-	 *
-	 * If a process goes idle-in-transaction with xmin zero, we do not need to
-	 * wait for it anymore, per the above argument.  We do not have the
-	 * infrastructure right now to stop waiting if that happens, but we can at
-	 * least avoid the folly of waiting when it is idle at the time we would
-	 * begin to wait.  We do this by repeatedly rechecking the output of
-	 * GetCurrentVirtualXIDs.  If, during any iteration, a particular vxid
-	 * doesn't show up in the output, we know we can forget about it.
+	 * transactions that might have older snapshots.
 	 */
-	old_snapshots = GetCurrentVirtualXIDs(snapshot->xmin, true, false,
-										  PROC_IS_AUTOVACUUM | PROC_IN_VACUUM,
-										  &n_old_snapshots);
-
-	for (i = 0; i < n_old_snapshots; i++)
-	{
-		if (!VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(old_snapshots[i]))
-			continue;			/* found uninteresting in previous cycle */
-
-		if (i > 0)
-		{
-			/* see if anything's changed ... */
-			VirtualTransactionId *newer_snapshots;
-			int			n_newer_snapshots;
-			int			j;
-			int			k;
-
-			newer_snapshots = GetCurrentVirtualXIDs(snapshot->xmin,
-													true, false,
-										 PROC_IS_AUTOVACUUM | PROC_IN_VACUUM,
-													&n_newer_snapshots);
-			for (j = i; j < n_old_snapshots; j++)
-			{
-				if (!VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(old_snapshots[j]))
-					continue;	/* found uninteresting in previous cycle */
-				for (k = 0; k < n_newer_snapshots; k++)
-				{
-					if (VirtualTransactionIdEquals(old_snapshots[j],
-												   newer_snapshots[k]))
-						break;
-				}
-				if (k >= n_newer_snapshots)		/* not there anymore */
-					SetInvalidVirtualTransactionId(old_snapshots[j]);
-			}
-			pfree(newer_snapshots);
-		}
-
-		if (VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(old_snapshots[i]))
-			VirtualXactLock(old_snapshots[i], true);
-	}
+	WaitForOldSnapshots(snapshot);
 
 	/*
 	 * Index can now be marked valid -- update its pg_index entry
@@ -852,7 +754,7 @@ DefineIndex(IndexStmt *stmt,
 	 * relcache inval on the parent table to force replanning of cached plans.
 	 * Otherwise existing sessions might fail to use the new index where it
 	 * would be useful.  (Note that our earlier commits did not create reasons
-	 * to replan; so relcache flush on the index itself was sufficient.)
+	 * to replan; relcache flush on the index itself was sufficient.)
 	 */
 	CacheInvalidateRelcacheByRelid(heaprelid.relId);
 
@@ -872,6 +774,447 @@ DefineIndex(IndexStmt *stmt,
 
 
 /*
+ * ReindexConcurrentIndexes
+ *
+ * Process REINDEX CONCURRENTLY for given list of indexes.
+ * Each reindexing step is done simultaneously for all the given
+ * indexes. If no list of indexes is given by the caller, all the
+ * indexes included in the relation will be reindexed.
+ */
+bool
+ReindexConcurrentIndexes(Oid heapOid, List *indexIds)
+{
+	Relation	heapRelation;
+	List	   *concurrentIndexIds = NIL,
+			   *indexLocks = NIL,
+			   *realIndexIds = NIL;
+	ListCell   *lc, *lc2;
+	LockRelId	heapLockId;
+	LOCKTAG		heapLocktag;
+	Snapshot	snapshot;
+
+	/*
+	 * Phase 1 of REINDEX CONCURRENTLY
+	 *
+	 * Here begins the process for rebuilding concurrently the indexes.
+	 * We need first to create an index which is based on the same data
+	 * as the former index except that it will be only registered in catalogs
+	 * and will be built after. It is possible to perform all the operations
+	 * on all the indexes at the same time for a parent relation including
+	 * its indexes for toast relation.
+	 */
+
+	/*
+	 * Lock level used here should match index lock index_concurrent_create(),
+	 * this prevents schema changes on the relation.
+	 */
+	heapRelation = heap_open(heapOid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Get the list of indexes from relation if caller has not given anything
+	 * Invalid indexes cannot be reindexed concurrently. Such indexes are simply
+	 * bypassed if caller has not specified anything.
+	 */
+	if (indexIds == NIL)
+	{
+		ListCell   *cell;
+		foreach(cell, RelationGetIndexList(heapRelation))
+		{
+			Oid			cellOid = lfirst_oid(cell);
+			Relation	indexRelation = index_open(cellOid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+
+			if (!indexRelation->rd_index->indisvalid)
+				ereport(ERROR,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+						 errmsg("cannot reindex concurrently invalid index \"%s.%s\"",
+								get_namespace_name(get_rel_namespace(cellOid)),
+								get_rel_name(cellOid))));
+
+			index_close(indexRelation, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+			realIndexIds = lappend_oid(realIndexIds, cellOid);
+		}
+
+		/* Add also the toast indexes */
+		if (OidIsValid(heapRelation->rd_rel->reltoastrelid))
+		{
+			Oid			toastOid = heapRelation->rd_rel->reltoastrelid;
+			Relation	toastRelation = heap_open(toastOid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+
+			foreach(cell, RelationGetIndexList(toastRelation))
+			{
+				Oid			cellOid = lfirst_oid(cell);
+				Relation	indexRelation = index_open(cellOid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+
+				if (!indexRelation->rd_index->indisvalid)
+					ereport(ERROR,
+							(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+							 errmsg("cannot reindex concurrently invalid index \"%s.%s\"",
+									get_namespace_name(get_rel_namespace(cellOid)),
+									get_rel_name(cellOid))));
+
+				index_close(indexRelation, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+				realIndexIds = lappend_oid(realIndexIds, cellOid);
+			}
+
+			heap_close(toastRelation, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+		}
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		ListCell   *cell;
+		List	   *filteredList = NIL;
+		foreach(cell, indexIds)
+		{
+			Oid			cellOid = lfirst_oid(cell);
+			Relation	indexRelation = index_open(cellOid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+
+			/* Invalid indexes are not reindexed */
+			if (!indexRelation->rd_index->indisvalid)
+				ereport(WARNING,
+						(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+						 errmsg("cannot reindex concurrently invalid index \"%s.%s\", bypassing",
+								get_namespace_name(get_rel_namespace(cellOid)),
+								get_rel_name(cellOid))));
+			else
+				filteredList = lappend_oid(filteredList, cellOid);
+
+			/* Close relation */
+			index_close(indexRelation, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+		}
+		realIndexIds = filteredList;
+	}
+
+	/* Definetely no indexes, so leave */
+	if (realIndexIds == NIL)
+	{
+		heap_close(heapRelation, NoLock);
+		return false;
+	}
+
+	/* Relation on which is based index cannot be shared */
+	if (heapRelation->rd_rel->relisshared)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("concurrent reindex is not supported for shared relations")));
+
+	/* Do the concurrent index creation for each index */
+	foreach(lc, realIndexIds)
+	{
+		char	   *concurrentName;
+		Oid			indOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		Oid			concurrentOid = InvalidOid;
+		Relation	indexRel,
+					indexParentRel,
+					indexConcurrentRel;
+		LockRelId	lockrelid;
+
+		indexRel = index_open(indOid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+		/* Open the index parent relation, might be a toast or parent relation */
+		indexParentRel = heap_open(indexRel->rd_index->indrelid,
+								   ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* Choose a relation name for concurrent index */
+		concurrentName = ChooseIndexName(get_rel_name(indOid),
+										 get_rel_namespace(indexRel->rd_index->indrelid),
+										 NULL,
+										 false,
+										 false,
+										 false,
+										 true);
+
+		/* Create concurrent index based on given index */
+		concurrentOid = index_concurrent_create(indexParentRel,
+												indOid,
+												concurrentName);
+
+		/* Now open the relation of concurrent index, a lock is also needed on it */
+		indexConcurrentRel = index_open(concurrentOid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* Save the concurrent index Oid */
+		concurrentIndexIds = lappend_oid(concurrentIndexIds, concurrentOid);
+
+		/*
+		 * Save lockrelid to protect each concurrent relation from drop
+		 * then close relations.
+		 */
+		lockrelid = indexRel->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId;
+		indexLocks = lappend(indexLocks, &lockrelid);
+		lockrelid = indexConcurrentRel->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId;
+		indexLocks = lappend(indexLocks, &lockrelid);
+
+		index_close(indexRel, NoLock);
+		index_close(indexConcurrentRel, NoLock);
+		heap_close(indexParentRel, NoLock);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Save the heap lock for following visibility checks with other backends
+	 * might conflict with this session.
+	 */
+	heapLockId = heapRelation->rd_lockInfo.lockRelId;
+	SET_LOCKTAG_RELATION(heapLocktag, heapLockId.dbId, heapLockId.relId);
+
+	/* Close heap relation */
+	heap_close(heapRelation, NoLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * For a concurrent build, it is necessary to make the catalog entries
+	 * visible to the other transactions before actually building the index.
+	 * This will prevent them from making incompatible HOT updates. The index
+	 * is marked as not ready and invalid so as no other transactions will try
+	 * to use it for INSERT or SELECT.
+	 *
+	 * Before committing, get a session level lock on the relation, the
+	 * concurrent index and its copy to insure that none of them are dropped
+	 * until the operation is done.
+	 */
+	LockRelationIdForSession(&heapLockId, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+
+	/* Lock each index and each concurrent index accordingly */
+	foreach(lc, indexLocks)
+	{
+		LockRelId lockRel = * (LockRelId *) lfirst(lc);
+		LockRelationIdForSession(&lockRel, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+	}
+
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+	CommitTransactionCommand();
+	StartTransactionCommand();
+
+	/*
+	 * Phase 2 of REINDEX CONCURRENTLY
+	 *
+	 * We need to wait until no running transactions could have the table open with
+	 * the old list of indexes. A concurrent build is done for each concurrent
+	 * index that will replace the old indexes. All those indexes share the same
+	 * snapshot and they are built in the same transaction.
+	 */
+	WaitForVirtualLocks(heapLocktag, ShareLock);
+
+	/* Set ActiveSnapshot since functions in the indexes may need it */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/* Get the first element of concurrent index list */
+	lc2 = list_head(concurrentIndexIds);
+
+	foreach(lc, realIndexIds)
+	{
+		Relation	indexRel;
+		Oid			indOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		Oid			concurrentOid = lfirst_oid(lc2);
+		bool		primary;
+
+		/* Move to next concurrent item */
+		lc2 = lnext(lc2);
+
+		/* Index relation has been closed by previous commit, so reopen it */
+		indexRel = index_open(indOid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+		primary = indexRel->rd_index->indisprimary;
+		index_close(indexRel, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* Perform concurrent build of new index */
+		index_concurrent_build(indexRel->rd_index->indrelid,
+							   concurrentOid,
+							   primary);
+
+		/*
+		 * Update the pg_index row of the concurrent index as ready for inserts.
+		 * Once we commit this transaction, any new transactions that open the table
+		 * must insert new entries into the index for insertions and non-HOT updates.
+		 */
+		index_set_state_flags(concurrentOid, INDEX_CREATE_SET_READY);
+	}
+
+	/* we can do away with our snapshot */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	/*
+	 * Commit this transaction to make the indisready update visible for
+	 * concurrent index.
+	 */
+	CommitTransactionCommand();
+	StartTransactionCommand();
+
+	/*
+	 * Phase 3 of REINDEX CONCURRENTLY
+	 *
+	 * During this phase the concurrent indexes catch up with the INSERT that
+	 * might have occurred in the parent table and are marked as valid once done.
+	 *
+	 * We once again wait until no transaction can have the table open with
+	 * the index marked as read-only for updates.
+	 */
+	WaitForVirtualLocks(heapLocktag, ShareLock);
+
+	/*
+	 * Take the reference snapshot that will be used for the concurrent indexes
+	 * validation.
+	 */
+	snapshot = RegisterSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+	PushActiveSnapshot(snapshot);
+
+	/*
+	 * Perform a scan of each concurrent index with the heap, then insert
+	 * any missing index entries.
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, concurrentIndexIds)
+	{
+		Oid indOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		Oid relOid;
+		Relation indexRelation = index_open(indOid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+		relOid = indexRelation->rd_index->indrelid;
+		index_close(indexRelation, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* Validate index, which might be a toast */
+		validate_index(relOid, lfirst_oid(lc), snapshot);
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * Concurrent indexes can now be marked valid -- update pg_index entries
+	 */
+	foreach(lc, concurrentIndexIds)
+		index_set_state_flags(lfirst_oid(lc), INDEX_CREATE_SET_VALID);
+
+	/*
+	 * The concurrent indexes are now valid as they contain all the tuples
+	 * necessary. However, it might not have taken into account deleted tuples
+	 * before the reference snapshot was taken, so we need to wait for the
+	 * transactions that might have older snapshots than ours.
+	 */
+	WaitForOldSnapshots(snapshot);
+
+	/*
+	 * The pg_index update will cause backends to update its entries for the
+	 * concurrent index but it is necessary to do the same whing
+	 */
+	CacheInvalidateRelcacheByRelid(heapLockId.relId);
+
+	/* we can now do away with our active snapshot */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	/* And we can remove the validating snapshot too */
+	UnregisterSnapshot(snapshot);
+
+	/* Commit this transaction to make the concurrent index valid */
+	CommitTransactionCommand();
+
+	/*
+	 * Phase 4 of REINDEX CONCURRENTLY
+	 *
+	 * Now that the concurrent indexes are valid and can be used, we need to
+	 * swap each concurrent index with its corresponding old index. The old
+	 * index is marked as invalid once this is done, making it not usable
+	 * by other backends once its associated transaction is committed.
+	 */
+
+	/* Get the first element is concurrent index list */
+	lc2 = list_head(concurrentIndexIds);
+
+	/* Swap and mark all the indexes involved in the relation */
+	foreach(lc, realIndexIds)
+	{
+		Oid			indOid = lfirst_oid(lc);
+		Oid			concurrentOid = lfirst_oid(lc2);
+		Relation	indexRel, indexParentRel;
+
+		/* Move to next concurrent item */
+		lc2 = lnext(lc2);
+
+		/*
+		 * Each index needs to be swapped in a separate transaction, so start
+		 * a new one.
+		 */
+		StartTransactionCommand();
+
+		/*
+		 * Mark the old index as invalid, this needs to be done as the first
+		 * action in this transaction.
+		 */
+		index_set_state_flags(indOid, INDEX_DROP_CLEAR_VALID);
+
+		/* Swap old index and its concurrent */
+		index_concurrent_swap(concurrentOid, indOid);
+
+		/*
+		 * Mark the cache of associated relation as invalid, open relation
+		 * relations.
+		 */
+		indexRel = index_open(indOid, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+		indexParentRel = heap_open(indexRel->rd_index->indrelid,
+								   ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+
+		/*
+		 * Invalidate the relcache for the table, so that after this commit
+		 * all sessions will refresh any cached plans that might reference the
+		 * index.
+		 */
+		CacheInvalidateRelcache(indexParentRel);
+
+		/* Close relations opened previously for cache invalidation */
+		index_close(indexRel, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+		heap_close(indexParentRel, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+
+		/* Commit this transaction and make old index invalidation visible */
+		CommitTransactionCommand();
+	}
+
+	/* Continue process inside a new transaction block */
+	StartTransactionCommand();
+
+	/*
+	 * Phase 5 of REINDEX CONCURRENTLY
+	 *
+	 * The old indexes need to be marked as not ready. We need also to wait for
+	 * transactions that might use them.
+	 */
+	WaitForVirtualLocks(heapLocktag, ShareLock);
+
+	/* Get fresh snapshot for this step */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/* Mark the old indexes as not ready */
+	foreach(lc, realIndexIds)
+		index_set_state_flags(lfirst_oid(lc), INDEX_DROP_SET_DEAD);
+
+	/* We can do away with our snapshot */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	/*
+	 * Commit this transaction to make the indisready update visible.
+	 */
+	CommitTransactionCommand();
+	StartTransactionCommand();
+
+	/* Get fresh snapshot for next step */
+	PushActiveSnapshot(GetTransactionSnapshot());
+
+	/*
+	 * Phase 6 of REINDEX CONCURRENTLY
+	 *
+	 * Drop the old indexes. This needs to be done through performDeletion
+	 * or related dependencies will not be dropped for the old indexes.
+	 */
+	index_concurrent_drop(realIndexIds);
+
+	/*
+	 * Last thing to do is release the session-level lock on the parent table
+	 * and the indexes of table.
+	 */
+	UnlockRelationIdForSession(&heapLockId, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+	foreach(lc, indexLocks)
+	{
+		LockRelId lockRel = * (LockRelId *) lfirst(lc);
+		UnlockRelationIdForSession(&lockRel, ShareUpdateExclusiveLock);
+	}
+
+	/* We can do away with our snapshot */
+	PopActiveSnapshot();
+
+	return true;
+}
+
+
+/*
  * CheckMutability
  *		Test whether given expression is mutable
  */
@@ -1534,7 +1877,8 @@ ChooseRelationName(const char *name1, const char *name2,
 static char *
 ChooseIndexName(const char *tabname, Oid namespaceId,
 				List *colnames, List *exclusionOpNames,
-				bool primary, bool isconstraint)
+				bool primary, bool isconstraint,
+				bool concurrent)
 {
 	char	   *indexname;
 
@@ -1560,6 +1904,13 @@ ChooseIndexName(const char *tabname, Oid namespaceId,
 									   "key",
 									   namespaceId);
 	}
+	else if (concurrent)
+	{
+		indexname = ChooseRelationName(tabname,
+									   NULL,
+									   "cct",
+									   namespaceId);
+	}
 	else
 	{
 		indexname = ChooseRelationName(tabname,
@@ -1672,18 +2023,26 @@ ChooseIndexColumnNames(List *indexElems)
  *		Recreate a specific index.
  */
 void
-ReindexIndex(RangeVar *indexRelation)
+ReindexIndex(RangeVar *indexRelation, bool concurrent)
 {
 	Oid			indOid;
 	Oid			heapOid = InvalidOid;
 
-	/* lock level used here should match index lock reindex_index() */
-	indOid = RangeVarGetRelidExtended(indexRelation, AccessExclusiveLock,
-									  false, false,
-									  RangeVarCallbackForReindexIndex,
-									  (void *) &heapOid);
+	indOid = RangeVarGetRelidExtended(indexRelation,
+				concurrent ? ShareUpdateExclusiveLock : AccessExclusiveLock,
+				false, false,
+				RangeVarCallbackForReindexIndex,
+				(void *) &heapOid);
 
-	reindex_index(indOid, false);
+	/* This is all for the non-concurrent case */
+	if (!concurrent)
+	{
+		reindex_index(indOid, false);
+		return;
+	}
+
+	/* Continue through REINDEX CONCURRENTLY */
+	ReindexConcurrentIndexes(heapOid, list_make1_oid(indOid));
 }
 
 /*
@@ -1745,18 +2104,30 @@ RangeVarCallbackForReindexIndex(const RangeVar *relation,
 	}
 }
 
+
 /*
  * ReindexTable
  *		Recreate all indexes of a table (and of its toast table, if any)
  */
 void
-ReindexTable(RangeVar *relation)
+ReindexTable(RangeVar *relation, bool concurrent)
 {
 	Oid			heapOid;
 
 	/* The lock level used here should match reindex_relation(). */
-	heapOid = RangeVarGetRelidExtended(relation, ShareLock, false, false,
-									   RangeVarCallbackOwnsTable, NULL);
+	heapOid = RangeVarGetRelidExtended(relation,
+		concurrent ? ShareUpdateExclusiveLock : ShareLock,
+		false, false,
+		RangeVarCallbackOwnsTable, NULL);
+
+	/* Run through the concurrent process if necessary */
+	if (concurrent && !ReindexConcurrentIndexes(heapOid, NIL))
+	{
+		ereport(NOTICE,
+				(errmsg("table \"%s\" has no indexes",
+						relation->relname)));
+		return;
+	}
 
 	if (!reindex_relation(heapOid, REINDEX_REL_PROCESS_TOAST))
 		ereport(NOTICE,
@@ -1773,7 +2144,10 @@ ReindexTable(RangeVar *relation)
  * That means this must not be called within a user transaction block!
  */
 void
-ReindexDatabase(const char *databaseName, bool do_system, bool do_user)
+ReindexDatabase(const char *databaseName,
+				bool do_system,
+				bool do_user,
+				bool concurrent)
 {
 	Relation	relationRelation;
 	HeapScanDesc scan;
@@ -1785,6 +2159,12 @@ ReindexDatabase(const char *databaseName, bool do_system, bool do_user)
 
 	AssertArg(databaseName);
 
+	/* CONCURRENTLY operation is not allowed for a database */
+	if (concurrent && do_system)
+		ereport(ERROR,
+				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
+				 errmsg("cannot reindex system concurrently")));
+
 	if (strcmp(databaseName, get_database_name(MyDatabaseId)) != 0)
 		ereport(ERROR,
 				(errcode(ERRCODE_FEATURE_NOT_SUPPORTED),
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
index 9387ee9..0685ae4 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/copyfuncs.c
@@ -3601,6 +3601,7 @@ _copyReindexStmt(const ReindexStmt *from)
 	COPY_STRING_FIELD(name);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(do_system);
 	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(do_user);
+	COPY_SCALAR_FIELD(concurrent);
 
 	return newnode;
 }
diff --git a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
index 95a95f4..cdea86a 100644
--- a/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
+++ b/src/backend/nodes/equalfuncs.c
@@ -1840,6 +1840,7 @@ _equalReindexStmt(const ReindexStmt *a, const ReindexStmt *b)
 	COMPARE_STRING_FIELD(name);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(do_system);
 	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(do_user);
+	COMPARE_SCALAR_FIELD(concurrent);
 
 	return true;
 }
diff --git a/src/backend/parser/gram.y b/src/backend/parser/gram.y
index ad98b36..db3a5f8 100644
--- a/src/backend/parser/gram.y
+++ b/src/backend/parser/gram.y
@@ -6670,15 +6670,16 @@ opt_if_exists: IF_P EXISTS						{ $$ = TRUE; }
  *****************************************************************************/
 
 ReindexStmt:
-			REINDEX reindex_type qualified_name opt_force
+			REINDEX reindex_type qualified_name opt_force opt_concurrently
 				{
 					ReindexStmt *n = makeNode(ReindexStmt);
 					n->kind = $2;
 					n->relation = $3;
 					n->name = NULL;
+					n->concurrent = $5;
 					$$ = (Node *)n;
 				}
-			| REINDEX SYSTEM_P name opt_force
+			| REINDEX SYSTEM_P name opt_force opt_concurrently
 				{
 					ReindexStmt *n = makeNode(ReindexStmt);
 					n->kind = OBJECT_DATABASE;
@@ -6686,9 +6687,10 @@ ReindexStmt:
 					n->relation = NULL;
 					n->do_system = true;
 					n->do_user = false;
+					n->concurrent = $5;
 					$$ = (Node *)n;
 				}
-			| REINDEX DATABASE name opt_force
+			| REINDEX DATABASE name opt_force opt_concurrently
 				{
 					ReindexStmt *n = makeNode(ReindexStmt);
 					n->kind = OBJECT_DATABASE;
@@ -6696,6 +6698,7 @@ ReindexStmt:
 					n->relation = NULL;
 					n->do_system = true;
 					n->do_user = true;
+					n->concurrent = $5;
 					$$ = (Node *)n;
 				}
 		;
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/ipc/procarray.c b/src/backend/storage/ipc/procarray.c
index 94f58a9..40dedde 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/ipc/procarray.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/ipc/procarray.c
@@ -2528,6 +2528,114 @@ XidCacheRemoveRunningXids(TransactionId xid,
 	LWLockRelease(ProcArrayLock);
 }
 
+
+/*
+ * WaitForVirtualLocks
+ *
+ * Wait until no transaction can have the table open with the index marked as
+ * read-only for updates.
+ * To do this, inquire which xacts currently would conflict with ShareLock on
+ * the table referred by the LOCKTAG -- ie, which ones have a lock that permits
+ * writing the table. Then wait for each of these xacts to commit or abort.
+ * Note: GetLockConflicts() never reports our own xid, hence we need not
+ * check for that.  Also, prepared xacts are not reported, which is fine
+ * since they certainly aren't going to do anything more.
+ */
+void
+WaitForVirtualLocks(LOCKTAG heaplocktag, LOCKMODE lockmode)
+{
+	VirtualTransactionId *old_lockholders;
+
+	old_lockholders = GetLockConflicts(&heaplocktag, lockmode);
+
+	while (VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(*old_lockholders))
+	{
+		VirtualXactLock(*old_lockholders, true);
+		old_lockholders++;
+	}
+}
+
+
+/*
+ * WaitForOldSnapshots
+ *
+ * Wait for transactions that might have older snapshot than the given one,
+ * because is might not contain tuples deleted just before it has been taken.
+ * Obtain a list of VXIDs of such transactions, and wait for them
+ * individually.
+ *
+ * We can exclude any running transactions that have xmin > the xmin of
+ * our reference snapshot; their oldest snapshot must be newer than ours.
+ * We can also exclude any transactions that have xmin = zero, since they
+ * evidently have no live snapshot at all (and any one they might be in
+ * process of taking is certainly newer than ours).  Transactions in other
+ * DBs can be ignored too, since they'll never even be able to see this
+ * index.
+ *
+ * We can also exclude autovacuum processes and processes running manual
+ * lazy VACUUMs, because they won't be fazed by missing index entries
+ * either. (Manual ANALYZEs, however, can't be excluded because they
+ * might be within transactions that are going to do arbitrary operations
+ * later.)
+ *
+ * Also, GetCurrentVirtualXIDs never reports our own vxid, so we need not
+ * check for that.
+ *
+ * If a process goes idle-in-transaction with xmin zero, we do not need to
+ * wait for it anymore, per the above argument.  We do not have the
+ * infrastructure right now to stop waiting if that happens, but we can at
+ * least avoid the folly of waiting when it is idle at the time we would
+ * begin to wait.  We do this by repeatedly rechecking the output of
+ * GetCurrentVirtualXIDs.  If, during any iteration, a particular vxid
+ * doesn't show up in the output, we know we can forget about it.
+ */
+void
+WaitForOldSnapshots(Snapshot snapshot)
+{
+	int i, n_old_snapshots;
+	VirtualTransactionId *old_snapshots;
+
+	old_snapshots = GetCurrentVirtualXIDs(snapshot->xmin, true, false,
+										  PROC_IS_AUTOVACUUM | PROC_IN_VACUUM,
+										  &n_old_snapshots);
+
+	for (i = 0; i < n_old_snapshots; i++)
+	{
+		if (!VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(old_snapshots[i]))
+			continue; /* found uninteresting in previous cycle */
+
+		if (i > 0)
+		{
+			/* see if anything's changed ... */
+			VirtualTransactionId *newer_snapshots;
+			int n_newer_snapshots, j, k;
+
+			newer_snapshots = GetCurrentVirtualXIDs(snapshot->xmin,
+													true, false,
+													PROC_IS_AUTOVACUUM | PROC_IN_VACUUM,
+													&n_newer_snapshots);
+			for (j = i; j < n_old_snapshots; j++)
+			{
+				if (!VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(old_snapshots[j]))
+					continue; /* found uninteresting in previous cycle */
+				for (k = 0; k < n_newer_snapshots; k++)
+				{
+					if (VirtualTransactionIdEquals(old_snapshots[j],
+												   newer_snapshots[k]))
+					                                              break;
+				}
+				if (k >= n_newer_snapshots) /* not there anymore */
+					SetInvalidVirtualTransactionId(old_snapshots[j]);
+			}
+			pfree(newer_snapshots);
+		}
+
+		if (VirtualTransactionIdIsValid(old_snapshots[i]))
+			VirtualXactLock(old_snapshots[i], true);
+	}
+}
+
+
 #ifdef XIDCACHE_DEBUG
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/utility.c b/src/backend/tcop/utility.c
index a42b8e9..9424140 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/utility.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/utility.c
@@ -1255,15 +1255,19 @@ standard_ProcessUtility(Node *parsetree,
 			{
 				ReindexStmt *stmt = (ReindexStmt *) parsetree;
 
+				if (stmt->concurrent)
+					PreventTransactionChain(isTopLevel,
+											"REINDEX CONCURRENTLY");
+
 				/* we choose to allow this during "read only" transactions */
 				PreventCommandDuringRecovery("REINDEX");
 				switch (stmt->kind)
 				{
 					case OBJECT_INDEX:
-						ReindexIndex(stmt->relation);
+						ReindexIndex(stmt->relation, stmt->concurrent);
 						break;
 					case OBJECT_TABLE:
-						ReindexTable(stmt->relation);
+						ReindexTable(stmt->relation, stmt->concurrent);
 						break;
 					case OBJECT_DATABASE:
 
@@ -1275,8 +1279,8 @@ standard_ProcessUtility(Node *parsetree,
 						 */
 						PreventTransactionChain(isTopLevel,
 												"REINDEX DATABASE");
-						ReindexDatabase(stmt->name,
-										stmt->do_system, stmt->do_user);
+						ReindexDatabase(stmt->name, stmt->do_system,
+										stmt->do_user, stmt->concurrent);
 						break;
 					default:
 						elog(ERROR, "unrecognized object type: %d",
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/index.h b/src/include/catalog/index.h
index b96099f..539fc0a 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/index.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/index.h
@@ -60,7 +60,20 @@ extern Oid index_create(Relation heapRelation,
 			 bool allow_system_table_mods,
 			 bool skip_build,
 			 bool concurrent,
-			 bool is_internal);
+			 bool is_internal,
+			 bool is_reindex);
+
+extern Oid index_concurrent_create(Relation heapRelation,
+								   Oid indOid,
+								   char *concurrentName);
+
+extern void index_concurrent_build(Oid heapOid,
+								   Oid indexOid,
+								   bool isprimary);
+
+extern void index_concurrent_swap(Oid indexOid1, Oid indexOid2);
+
+extern void index_concurrent_drop(List *IndexIds);
 
 extern void index_constraint_create(Relation heapRelation,
 						Oid indexRelationId,
diff --git a/src/include/commands/defrem.h b/src/include/commands/defrem.h
index 2c81b78..43dfa15 100644
--- a/src/include/commands/defrem.h
+++ b/src/include/commands/defrem.h
@@ -26,10 +26,11 @@ extern Oid DefineIndex(IndexStmt *stmt,
 			bool check_rights,
 			bool skip_build,
 			bool quiet);
-extern void ReindexIndex(RangeVar *indexRelation);
-extern void ReindexTable(RangeVar *relation);
+extern void ReindexIndex(RangeVar *indexRelation, bool concurrent);
+extern void ReindexTable(RangeVar *relation, bool concurrent);
 extern void ReindexDatabase(const char *databaseName,
-				bool do_system, bool do_user);
+							bool do_system, bool do_user, bool concurrent);
+extern bool ReindexConcurrentIndexes(Oid heapOid, List *indexIds);
 extern char *makeObjectName(const char *name1, const char *name2,
 			   const char *label);
 extern char *ChooseRelationName(const char *name1, const char *name2,
diff --git a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
index 8834499..46bc532 100644
--- a/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
+++ b/src/include/nodes/parsenodes.h
@@ -2511,6 +2511,7 @@ typedef struct ReindexStmt
 	const char *name;			/* name of database to reindex */
 	bool		do_system;		/* include system tables in database case */
 	bool		do_user;		/* include user tables in database case */
+	bool		concurrent;		/* reindex concurrently? */
 } ReindexStmt;
 
 /* ----------------------
diff --git a/src/include/storage/procarray.h b/src/include/storage/procarray.h
index 9933dad..2e2d9dc 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/procarray.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/procarray.h
@@ -76,4 +76,7 @@ extern void XidCacheRemoveRunningXids(TransactionId xid,
 						  int nxids, const TransactionId *xids,
 						  TransactionId latestXid);
 
+extern void WaitForVirtualLocks(LOCKTAG heaplocktag, LOCKMODE lockmode);
+extern void WaitForOldSnapshots(Snapshot snapshot);
+
 #endif   /* PROCARRAY_H */
diff --git a/src/test/regress/expected/create_index.out b/src/test/regress/expected/create_index.out
index 2ae991e..26bd952 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/expected/create_index.out
+++ b/src/test/regress/expected/create_index.out
@@ -2721,3 +2721,43 @@ ORDER BY thousand;
         1 |     1001
 (2 rows)
 
+--
+-- Check behavior of REINDEX and REINDEX CONCURRENTLY
+--
+CREATE TABLE concur_reindex_tab (c1 int);
+-- REINDEX
+REINDEX TABLE concur_reindex_tab; -- notice
+NOTICE:  table "concur_reindex_tab" has no indexes
+REINDEX TABLE concur_reindex_tab CONCURRENTLY; -- notice
+NOTICE:  table "concur_reindex_tab" has no indexes
+ALTER TABLE concur_reindex_tab ADD COLUMN c2 text; -- add toast index
+CREATE INDEX concur_reindex_tab1 ON concur_reindex_tab(c1);
+CREATE INDEX concur_reindex_tab2 ON concur_reindex_tab(c2);
+INSERT INTO concur_reindex_tab VALUES  (1, 'a');
+INSERT INTO concur_reindex_tab VALUES  (2, 'a');
+REINDEX INDEX concur_reindex_tab1 CONCURRENTLY;
+REINDEX TABLE concur_reindex_tab CONCURRENTLY;
+-- Check errors
+-- Cannot run inside a transaction block
+BEGIN;
+REINDEX TABLE concur_reindex_tab CONCURRENTLY;
+ERROR:  REINDEX CONCURRENTLY cannot run inside a transaction block
+COMMIT;
+REINDEX TABLE pg_database CONCURRENTLY; -- no shared relation
+ERROR:  concurrent reindex is not supported for shared relations
+REINDEX DATABASE postgres CONCURRENTLY; -- not allowed for DATABASE
+ERROR:  cannot reindex system concurrently
+REINDEX SYSTEM postgres CONCURRENTLY; -- not allowed for SYSTEM
+ERROR:  cannot reindex system concurrently
+-- Check the relation status, there should not be invalid indexes
+\d concur_reindex_tab
+Table "public.concur_reindex_tab"
+ Column |  Type   | Modifiers 
+--------+---------+-----------
+ c1     | integer | 
+ c2     | text    | 
+Indexes:
+    "concur_reindex_tab1" btree (c1)
+    "concur_reindex_tab2" btree (c2)
+
+DROP TABLE concur_reindex_tab;
diff --git a/src/test/regress/sql/create_index.sql b/src/test/regress/sql/create_index.sql
index 914e7a5..be9c5cc 100644
--- a/src/test/regress/sql/create_index.sql
+++ b/src/test/regress/sql/create_index.sql
@@ -912,3 +912,31 @@ ORDER BY thousand;
 SELECT thousand, tenthous FROM tenk1
 WHERE thousand < 2 AND tenthous IN (1001,3000)
 ORDER BY thousand;
+
+--
+-- Check behavior of REINDEX and REINDEX CONCURRENTLY
+--
+CREATE TABLE concur_reindex_tab (c1 int);
+-- REINDEX
+REINDEX TABLE concur_reindex_tab; -- notice
+REINDEX TABLE concur_reindex_tab CONCURRENTLY; -- notice
+ALTER TABLE concur_reindex_tab ADD COLUMN c2 text; -- add toast index
+CREATE INDEX concur_reindex_tab1 ON concur_reindex_tab(c1);
+CREATE INDEX concur_reindex_tab2 ON concur_reindex_tab(c2);
+INSERT INTO concur_reindex_tab VALUES  (1, 'a');
+INSERT INTO concur_reindex_tab VALUES  (2, 'a');
+REINDEX INDEX concur_reindex_tab1 CONCURRENTLY;
+REINDEX TABLE concur_reindex_tab CONCURRENTLY;
+
+-- Check errors
+-- Cannot run inside a transaction block
+BEGIN;
+REINDEX TABLE concur_reindex_tab CONCURRENTLY;
+COMMIT;
+REINDEX TABLE pg_database CONCURRENTLY; -- no shared relation
+REINDEX DATABASE postgres CONCURRENTLY; -- not allowed for DATABASE
+REINDEX SYSTEM postgres CONCURRENTLY; -- not allowed for SYSTEM
+
+-- Check the relation status, there should not be invalid indexes
+\d concur_reindex_tab
+DROP TABLE concur_reindex_tab;