v20250918-0002-NUMA-clockweep-partitioning.patch

From e7145b7e771487012aa0c723309353723db93172 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Tomas Vondra <tomas@vondra.me>
Date: Sun, 8 Jun 2025 18:53:12 +0200
Subject: [PATCH v20250918 2/6] NUMA: clockweep partitioning

Similar to the frelist patch - partition the "clocksweep" algorithm to
work on the sequence of smaller partitions, one by one.

It extends the "pg_buffercache_partitions" view to include information
about the clocksweep activity.

Note: This needs some sort of "balancing" when one of the partitions is
much busier than the rest (e.g. because there's a single backend consuming
a lot of buffers from it).

Note: There's a problem with some tests running out of unpinned buffers,
due to (intentionally) setting shared buffers very low. That happens
because StrategyGetBuffer() only searches a single partition, and it
has a couple more issues.
---
 .../pg_buffercache--1.6--1.7.sql              |   8 +-
 contrib/pg_buffercache/pg_buffercache_pages.c |  32 +-
 src/backend/storage/buffer/buf_init.c         |  11 +
 src/backend/storage/buffer/bufmgr.c           | 186 +++++----
 src/backend/storage/buffer/freelist.c         | 353 ++++++++++++++++--
 src/include/storage/buf_internals.h           |   5 +-
 src/include/storage/bufmgr.h                  |   5 +
 src/test/recovery/t/027_stream_regress.pl     |   5 +
 src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list              |   1 +
 9 files changed, 503 insertions(+), 103 deletions(-)

diff --git a/contrib/pg_buffercache/pg_buffercache--1.6--1.7.sql b/contrib/pg_buffercache/pg_buffercache--1.6--1.7.sql
index fb9003c011e..6676e807034 100644
--- a/contrib/pg_buffercache/pg_buffercache--1.6--1.7.sql
+++ b/contrib/pg_buffercache/pg_buffercache--1.6--1.7.sql
@@ -16,7 +16,13 @@ CREATE VIEW pg_buffercache_partitions AS
 	 numa_node integer,			-- NUMA node of the partitioon
 	 num_buffers integer,		-- number of buffers in the partition
 	 first_buffer integer,		-- first buffer of partition
-	 last_buffer integer);		-- last buffer of partition
+	 last_buffer integer,		-- last buffer of partition
+
+	 -- clocksweep counters
+	 num_passes bigint,			-- clocksweep passes
+	 next_buffer integer,		-- next victim buffer for clocksweep
+	 total_allocs bigint,		-- handled allocs (running total)
+	 num_allocs bigint);		-- handled allocs (current cycle)
 
 -- Don't want these to be available to public.
 REVOKE ALL ON FUNCTION pg_buffercache_partitions() FROM PUBLIC;
diff --git a/contrib/pg_buffercache/pg_buffercache_pages.c b/contrib/pg_buffercache/pg_buffercache_pages.c
index 8a0a4bd5cd6..c9dfc8a1b82 100644
--- a/contrib/pg_buffercache/pg_buffercache_pages.c
+++ b/contrib/pg_buffercache/pg_buffercache_pages.c
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@
 #define NUM_BUFFERCACHE_EVICT_ALL_ELEM 3
 
 #define NUM_BUFFERCACHE_NUMA_ELEM	3
-#define NUM_BUFFERCACHE_PARTITIONS_ELEM	5
+#define NUM_BUFFERCACHE_PARTITIONS_ELEM	9
 
 PG_MODULE_MAGIC_EXT(
 					.name = "pg_buffercache",
@@ -818,6 +818,14 @@ pg_buffercache_partitions(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 						   INT4OID, -1, 0);
 		TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 5, "last_buffer",
 						   INT4OID, -1, 0);
+		TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 6, "num_passes",
+						   INT8OID, -1, 0);
+		TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 7, "next_buffer",
+						   INT4OID, -1, 0);
+		TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 8, "total_allocs",
+						   INT8OID, -1, 0);
+		TupleDescInitEntry(tupledesc, (AttrNumber) 9, "num_allocs",
+						   INT8OID, -1, 0);
 
 		funcctx->user_fctx = BlessTupleDesc(tupledesc);
 
@@ -839,12 +847,22 @@ pg_buffercache_partitions(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 					first_buffer,
 					last_buffer;
 
+		uint64		buffer_total_allocs;
+
+		uint32		complete_passes,
+					next_victim_buffer,
+					buffer_allocs;
+
 		Datum		values[NUM_BUFFERCACHE_PARTITIONS_ELEM];
 		bool		nulls[NUM_BUFFERCACHE_PARTITIONS_ELEM];
 
 		BufferPartitionGet(i, &numa_node, &num_buffers,
 						   &first_buffer, &last_buffer);
 
+		ClockSweepPartitionGetInfo(i,
+								   &complete_passes, &next_victim_buffer,
+								   &buffer_total_allocs, &buffer_allocs);
+
 		values[0] = Int32GetDatum(i);
 		nulls[0] = false;
 
@@ -860,6 +878,18 @@ pg_buffercache_partitions(PG_FUNCTION_ARGS)
 		values[4] = Int32GetDatum(last_buffer);
 		nulls[4] = false;
 
+		values[5] = Int64GetDatum(complete_passes);
+		nulls[5] = false;
+
+		values[6] = Int32GetDatum(next_victim_buffer);
+		nulls[6] = false;
+
+		values[7] = Int64GetDatum(buffer_total_allocs);
+		nulls[7] = false;
+
+		values[8] = Int64GetDatum(buffer_allocs);
+		nulls[8] = false;
+
 		/* Build and return the tuple. */
 		tuple = heap_form_tuple((TupleDesc) funcctx->user_fctx, values, nulls);
 		result = HeapTupleGetDatum(tuple);
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/buffer/buf_init.c b/src/backend/storage/buffer/buf_init.c
index f51c7db7855..dd9f51529b4 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/buffer/buf_init.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/buffer/buf_init.c
@@ -716,6 +716,17 @@ BufferPartitionGet(int idx, int *node, int *num_buffers,
 	elog(ERROR, "invalid partition index");
 }
 
+/* return parameters before the partitions are initialized (during sizing) */
+void
+BufferPartitionParams(int *num_partitions, int *num_nodes)
+{
+	if (num_partitions)
+		*num_partitions = numa_partitions;
+
+	if (num_nodes)
+		*num_nodes = numa_nodes;
+}
+
 /* XXX the GUC hooks should probably be somewhere else? */
 bool
 check_debug_numa(char **newval, void **extra, GucSource source)
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/buffer/bufmgr.c b/src/backend/storage/buffer/bufmgr.c
index fe470de63f2..121134bb94c 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/buffer/bufmgr.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/buffer/bufmgr.c
@@ -3580,33 +3580,29 @@ BufferSync(int flags)
 }
 
 /*
- * BgBufferSync -- Write out some dirty buffers in the pool.
+ * Information saved between calls so we can determine the strategy
+ * point's advance rate and avoid scanning already-cleaned buffers.
  *
- * This is called periodically by the background writer process.
+ * XXX One value per partition. We don't know how many partitions are
+ * there, so allocate 32, should be enough for the PoC patch.
  *
- * Returns true if it's appropriate for the bgwriter process to go into
- * low-power hibernation mode.  (This happens if the strategy clock-sweep
- * has been "lapped" and no buffer allocations have occurred recently,
- * or if the bgwriter has been effectively disabled by setting
- * bgwriter_lru_maxpages to 0.)
+ * XXX might be better to have a per-partition struct with all the info
  */
-bool
-BgBufferSync(WritebackContext *wb_context)
+#define MAX_CLOCKSWEEP_PARTITIONS 32
+static bool saved_info_valid = false;
+static int	prev_strategy_buf_id[MAX_CLOCKSWEEP_PARTITIONS];
+static uint32 prev_strategy_passes[MAX_CLOCKSWEEP_PARTITIONS];
+static int	next_to_clean[MAX_CLOCKSWEEP_PARTITIONS];
+static uint32 next_passes[MAX_CLOCKSWEEP_PARTITIONS];
+
+
+static bool
+BgBufferSyncPartition(WritebackContext *wb_context, int num_partitions,
+					  int partition, int recent_alloc_partition)
 {
 	/* info obtained from freelist.c */
 	int			strategy_buf_id;
 	uint32		strategy_passes;
-	uint32		recent_alloc;
-
-	/*
-	 * Information saved between calls so we can determine the strategy
-	 * point's advance rate and avoid scanning already-cleaned buffers.
-	 */
-	static bool saved_info_valid = false;
-	static int	prev_strategy_buf_id;
-	static uint32 prev_strategy_passes;
-	static int	next_to_clean;
-	static uint32 next_passes;
 
 	/* Moving averages of allocation rate and clean-buffer density */
 	static float smoothed_alloc = 0;
@@ -3634,25 +3630,16 @@ BgBufferSync(WritebackContext *wb_context)
 	long		new_strategy_delta;
 	uint32		new_recent_alloc;
 
+	/* buffer range for the clocksweep partition */
+	int			first_buffer;
+	int			num_buffers;
+
 	/*
 	 * Find out where the clock-sweep currently is, and how many buffer
 	 * allocations have happened since our last call.
 	 */
-	strategy_buf_id = StrategySyncStart(&strategy_passes, &recent_alloc);
-
-	/* Report buffer alloc counts to pgstat */
-	PendingBgWriterStats.buf_alloc += recent_alloc;
-
-	/*
-	 * If we're not running the LRU scan, just stop after doing the stats
-	 * stuff.  We mark the saved state invalid so that we can recover sanely
-	 * if LRU scan is turned back on later.
-	 */
-	if (bgwriter_lru_maxpages <= 0)
-	{
-		saved_info_valid = false;
-		return true;
-	}
+	strategy_buf_id = StrategySyncStart(partition, &strategy_passes,
+										&first_buffer, &num_buffers);
 
 	/*
 	 * Compute strategy_delta = how many buffers have been scanned by the
@@ -3664,17 +3651,17 @@ BgBufferSync(WritebackContext *wb_context)
 	 */
 	if (saved_info_valid)
 	{
-		int32		passes_delta = strategy_passes - prev_strategy_passes;
+		int32		passes_delta = strategy_passes - prev_strategy_passes[partition];
 
-		strategy_delta = strategy_buf_id - prev_strategy_buf_id;
-		strategy_delta += (long) passes_delta * NBuffers;
+		strategy_delta = strategy_buf_id - prev_strategy_buf_id[partition];
+		strategy_delta += (long) passes_delta * num_buffers;
 
 		Assert(strategy_delta >= 0);
 
-		if ((int32) (next_passes - strategy_passes) > 0)
+		if ((int32) (next_passes[partition] - strategy_passes) > 0)
 		{
 			/* we're one pass ahead of the strategy point */
-			bufs_to_lap = strategy_buf_id - next_to_clean;
+			bufs_to_lap = strategy_buf_id - next_to_clean[partition];
 #ifdef BGW_DEBUG
 			elog(DEBUG2, "bgwriter ahead: bgw %u-%u strategy %u-%u delta=%ld lap=%d",
 				 next_passes, next_to_clean,
@@ -3682,11 +3669,11 @@ BgBufferSync(WritebackContext *wb_context)
 				 strategy_delta, bufs_to_lap);
 #endif
 		}
-		else if (next_passes == strategy_passes &&
-				 next_to_clean >= strategy_buf_id)
+		else if (next_passes[partition] == strategy_passes &&
+				 next_to_clean[partition] >= strategy_buf_id)
 		{
 			/* on same pass, but ahead or at least not behind */
-			bufs_to_lap = NBuffers - (next_to_clean - strategy_buf_id);
+			bufs_to_lap = num_buffers - (next_to_clean[partition] - strategy_buf_id);
 #ifdef BGW_DEBUG
 			elog(DEBUG2, "bgwriter ahead: bgw %u-%u strategy %u-%u delta=%ld lap=%d",
 				 next_passes, next_to_clean,
@@ -3706,9 +3693,9 @@ BgBufferSync(WritebackContext *wb_context)
 				 strategy_passes, strategy_buf_id,
 				 strategy_delta);
 #endif
-			next_to_clean = strategy_buf_id;
-			next_passes = strategy_passes;
-			bufs_to_lap = NBuffers;
+			next_to_clean[partition] = strategy_buf_id;
+			next_passes[partition] = strategy_passes;
+			bufs_to_lap = num_buffers;
 		}
 	}
 	else
@@ -3722,15 +3709,16 @@ BgBufferSync(WritebackContext *wb_context)
 			 strategy_passes, strategy_buf_id);
 #endif
 		strategy_delta = 0;
-		next_to_clean = strategy_buf_id;
-		next_passes = strategy_passes;
-		bufs_to_lap = NBuffers;
+		next_to_clean[partition] = strategy_buf_id;
+		next_passes[partition] = strategy_passes;
+		bufs_to_lap = num_buffers;
 	}
 
 	/* Update saved info for next time */
-	prev_strategy_buf_id = strategy_buf_id;
-	prev_strategy_passes = strategy_passes;
-	saved_info_valid = true;
+	prev_strategy_buf_id[partition] = strategy_buf_id;
+	prev_strategy_passes[partition] = strategy_passes;
+	/* XXX this needs to happen only after all partitions */
+	/* saved_info_valid = true; */
 
 	/*
 	 * Compute how many buffers had to be scanned for each new allocation, ie,
@@ -3738,9 +3726,9 @@ BgBufferSync(WritebackContext *wb_context)
 	 *
 	 * If the strategy point didn't move, we don't update the density estimate
 	 */
-	if (strategy_delta > 0 && recent_alloc > 0)
+	if (strategy_delta > 0 && recent_alloc_partition > 0)
 	{
-		scans_per_alloc = (float) strategy_delta / (float) recent_alloc;
+		scans_per_alloc = (float) strategy_delta / (float) recent_alloc_partition;
 		smoothed_density += (scans_per_alloc - smoothed_density) /
 			smoothing_samples;
 	}
@@ -3750,7 +3738,7 @@ BgBufferSync(WritebackContext *wb_context)
 	 * strategy point and where we've scanned ahead to, based on the smoothed
 	 * density estimate.
 	 */
-	bufs_ahead = NBuffers - bufs_to_lap;
+	bufs_ahead = num_buffers - bufs_to_lap;
 	reusable_buffers_est = (float) bufs_ahead / smoothed_density;
 
 	/*
@@ -3758,10 +3746,10 @@ BgBufferSync(WritebackContext *wb_context)
 	 * a true average we want a fast-attack, slow-decline behavior: we
 	 * immediately follow any increase.
 	 */
-	if (smoothed_alloc <= (float) recent_alloc)
-		smoothed_alloc = recent_alloc;
+	if (smoothed_alloc <= (float) recent_alloc_partition)
+		smoothed_alloc = recent_alloc_partition;
 	else
-		smoothed_alloc += ((float) recent_alloc - smoothed_alloc) /
+		smoothed_alloc += ((float) recent_alloc_partition - smoothed_alloc) /
 			smoothing_samples;
 
 	/* Scale the estimate by a GUC to allow more aggressive tuning. */
@@ -3788,7 +3776,7 @@ BgBufferSync(WritebackContext *wb_context)
 	 * the BGW will be called during the scan_whole_pool time; slice the
 	 * buffer pool into that many sections.
 	 */
-	min_scan_buffers = (int) (NBuffers / (scan_whole_pool_milliseconds / BgWriterDelay));
+	min_scan_buffers = (int) (num_buffers / (scan_whole_pool_milliseconds / BgWriterDelay));
 
 	if (upcoming_alloc_est < (min_scan_buffers + reusable_buffers_est))
 	{
@@ -3813,20 +3801,20 @@ BgBufferSync(WritebackContext *wb_context)
 	/* Execute the LRU scan */
 	while (num_to_scan > 0 && reusable_buffers < upcoming_alloc_est)
 	{
-		int			sync_state = SyncOneBuffer(next_to_clean, true,
+		int			sync_state = SyncOneBuffer(next_to_clean[partition], true,
 											   wb_context);
 
-		if (++next_to_clean >= NBuffers)
+		if (++next_to_clean[partition] >= (first_buffer + num_buffers))
 		{
-			next_to_clean = 0;
-			next_passes++;
+			next_to_clean[partition] = first_buffer;
+			next_passes[partition]++;
 		}
 		num_to_scan--;
 
 		if (sync_state & BUF_WRITTEN)
 		{
 			reusable_buffers++;
-			if (++num_written >= bgwriter_lru_maxpages)
+			if (++num_written >= (bgwriter_lru_maxpages / num_partitions))
 			{
 				PendingBgWriterStats.maxwritten_clean++;
 				break;
@@ -3840,7 +3828,7 @@ BgBufferSync(WritebackContext *wb_context)
 
 #ifdef BGW_DEBUG
 	elog(DEBUG1, "bgwriter: recent_alloc=%u smoothed=%.2f delta=%ld ahead=%d density=%.2f reusable_est=%d upcoming_est=%d scanned=%d wrote=%d reusable=%d",
-		 recent_alloc, smoothed_alloc, strategy_delta, bufs_ahead,
+		 recent_alloc_partition, smoothed_alloc, strategy_delta, bufs_ahead,
 		 smoothed_density, reusable_buffers_est, upcoming_alloc_est,
 		 bufs_to_lap - num_to_scan,
 		 num_written,
@@ -3870,8 +3858,74 @@ BgBufferSync(WritebackContext *wb_context)
 #endif
 	}
 
+	/* can this partition hibernate */
+	return (bufs_to_lap == 0 && recent_alloc_partition == 0);
+}
+
+/*
+ * BgBufferSync -- Write out some dirty buffers in the pool.
+ *
+ * This is called periodically by the background writer process.
+ *
+ * Returns true if it's appropriate for the bgwriter process to go into
+ * low-power hibernation mode.  (This happens if the strategy clock-sweep
+ * has been "lapped" and no buffer allocations have occurred recently,
+ * or if the bgwriter has been effectively disabled by setting
+ * bgwriter_lru_maxpages to 0.)
+ */
+bool
+BgBufferSync(WritebackContext *wb_context)
+{
+	/* info obtained from freelist.c */
+	uint32		recent_alloc;
+	uint32		recent_alloc_partition;
+	int			num_partitions;
+
+	/* assume we can hibernate, any partition can set to false */
+	bool		hibernate = true;
+
+	/* get the number of clocksweep partitions, and total alloc count */
+	StrategySyncPrepare(&num_partitions, &recent_alloc);
+
+	Assert(num_partitions <= MAX_CLOCKSWEEP_PARTITIONS);
+
+	/* Report buffer alloc counts to pgstat */
+	PendingBgWriterStats.buf_alloc += recent_alloc;
+
+	/* average alloc buffers per partition */
+	recent_alloc_partition = (recent_alloc / num_partitions);
+
+	/*
+	 * If we're not running the LRU scan, just stop after doing the stats
+	 * stuff.  We mark the saved state invalid so that we can recover sanely
+	 * if LRU scan is turned back on later.
+	 */
+	if (bgwriter_lru_maxpages <= 0)
+	{
+		saved_info_valid = false;
+		return true;
+	}
+
+	/*
+	 * now process the clocksweep partitions, one by one, using the same
+	 * cleanup that we used for all buffers
+	 *
+	 * XXX Maybe we should randomize the order of partitions a bit, so that we
+	 * don't start from partition 0 all the time? Perhaps not entirely, but at
+	 * least pick a random starting point?
+	 */
+	for (int partition = 0; partition < num_partitions; partition++)
+	{
+		/* hibernate if all partitions can hibernate */
+		hibernate &= BgBufferSyncPartition(wb_context, num_partitions,
+										   partition, recent_alloc_partition);
+	}
+
+	/* now that we've scanned all partitions, mark the cached info as valid */
+	saved_info_valid = true;
+
 	/* Return true if OK to hibernate */
-	return (bufs_to_lap == 0 && recent_alloc == 0);
+	return hibernate;
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/storage/buffer/freelist.c b/src/backend/storage/buffer/freelist.c
index 7d59a92bd1a..d5f8f28f562 100644
--- a/src/backend/storage/buffer/freelist.c
+++ b/src/backend/storage/buffer/freelist.c
@@ -15,27 +15,47 @@
  */
 #include "postgres.h"
 
+#ifdef USE_LIBNUMA
+#include <sched.h>
+#endif
+
+#ifdef USE_LIBNUMA
+#include <numa.h>
+#include <numaif.h>
+#endif
+
 #include "pgstat.h"
 #include "port/atomics.h"
 #include "storage/buf_internals.h"
 #include "storage/bufmgr.h"
+#include "storage/ipc.h"
 #include "storage/proc.h"
 
 #define INT_ACCESS_ONCE(var)	((int)(*((volatile int *)&(var))))
 
 
 /*
- * The shared freelist control information.
+ * Information about one partition of the ClockSweep (on a subset of buffers).
+ *
+ * XXX Should be careful to align this to cachelines, etc.
  */
 typedef struct
 {
 	/* Spinlock: protects the values below */
-	slock_t		buffer_strategy_lock;
+	slock_t		clock_sweep_lock;
+
+	/* range for this clock weep partition */
+	int32		firstBuffer;
+	int32		numBuffers;
 
 	/*
 	 * clock-sweep hand: index of next buffer to consider grabbing. Note that
 	 * this isn't a concrete buffer - we only ever increase the value. So, to
 	 * get an actual buffer, it needs to be used modulo NBuffers.
+	 *
+	 * XXX This is relative to firstBuffer, so needs to be offset properly.
+	 *
+	 * XXX firstBuffer + (nextVictimBuffer % numBuffers)
 	 */
 	pg_atomic_uint32 nextVictimBuffer;
 
@@ -46,11 +66,34 @@ typedef struct
 	uint32		completePasses; /* Complete cycles of the clock-sweep */
 	pg_atomic_uint32 numBufferAllocs;	/* Buffers allocated since last reset */
 
+	/* running total of allocs */
+	pg_atomic_uint64 numTotalAllocs;
+
+} ClockSweep;
+
+/*
+ * The shared freelist control information.
+ */
+typedef struct
+{
+	/* Spinlock: protects the values below */
+	slock_t		buffer_strategy_lock;
+
 	/*
 	 * Bgworker process to be notified upon activity or -1 if none. See
 	 * StrategyNotifyBgWriter.
 	 */
 	int			bgwprocno;
+	// the _attribute_ does not work on Windows, it seems
+	//int			__attribute__((aligned(64))) bgwprocno;
+
+	/* info about freelist partitioning */
+	int			num_nodes;		/* effectively number of NUMA nodes */
+	int			num_partitions;
+	int			num_partitions_per_node;
+
+	/* clocksweep partitions */
+	ClockSweep	sweeps[FLEXIBLE_ARRAY_MEMBER];
 } BufferStrategyControl;
 
 /* Pointers to shared state */
@@ -89,6 +132,7 @@ static BufferDesc *GetBufferFromRing(BufferAccessStrategy strategy,
 									 uint32 *buf_state);
 static void AddBufferToRing(BufferAccessStrategy strategy,
 							BufferDesc *buf);
+static ClockSweep *ChooseClockSweep(void);
 
 /*
  * ClockSweepTick - Helper routine for StrategyGetBuffer()
@@ -100,6 +144,7 @@ static inline uint32
 ClockSweepTick(void)
 {
 	uint32		victim;
+	ClockSweep *sweep = ChooseClockSweep();
 
 	/*
 	 * Atomically move hand ahead one buffer - if there's several processes
@@ -107,14 +152,14 @@ ClockSweepTick(void)
 	 * apparent order.
 	 */
 	victim =
-		pg_atomic_fetch_add_u32(&StrategyControl->nextVictimBuffer, 1);
+		pg_atomic_fetch_add_u32(&sweep->nextVictimBuffer, 1);
 
-	if (victim >= NBuffers)
+	if (victim >= sweep->numBuffers)
 	{
 		uint32		originalVictim = victim;
 
 		/* always wrap what we look up in BufferDescriptors */
-		victim = victim % NBuffers;
+		victim = victim % sweep->numBuffers;
 
 		/*
 		 * If we're the one that just caused a wraparound, force
@@ -140,19 +185,117 @@ ClockSweepTick(void)
 				 * could lead to an overflow of nextVictimBuffers, but that's
 				 * highly unlikely and wouldn't be particularly harmful.
 				 */
-				SpinLockAcquire(&StrategyControl->buffer_strategy_lock);
+				SpinLockAcquire(&sweep->clock_sweep_lock);
 
-				wrapped = expected % NBuffers;
+				wrapped = expected % sweep->numBuffers;
 
-				success = pg_atomic_compare_exchange_u32(&StrategyControl->nextVictimBuffer,
+				success = pg_atomic_compare_exchange_u32(&sweep->nextVictimBuffer,
 														 &expected, wrapped);
 				if (success)
-					StrategyControl->completePasses++;
-				SpinLockRelease(&StrategyControl->buffer_strategy_lock);
+					sweep->completePasses++;
+				SpinLockRelease(&sweep->clock_sweep_lock);
 			}
 		}
 	}
-	return victim;
+
+	/* XXX buffer IDs are 1-based, we're calculating 0-based indexes */
+	Assert(BufferIsValid(1 + sweep->firstBuffer + (victim % sweep->numBuffers)));
+
+	return sweep->firstBuffer + victim;
+}
+
+/*
+ * calculate_partition_index
+ *		calculate the buffer / clock-sweep partition to use
+ *
+ * With libnuma, use the NUMA node and CPU to pick the partition. Otherwise
+ * use just PID instead of CPU (we assume everything is a single NUMA node).
+ */
+static int
+calculate_partition_index(void)
+{
+	int		cpu,
+			node,
+			index;
+
+	/*
+	 * The buffers are partitioned, so determine the CPU/NUMA node, and pick a
+	 * partition based on that.
+	 *
+	 * Without NUMA assume everything is a single NUMA node, and we pick the
+	 * partition based on PID (we may not have sched_getcpu).
+	 */
+#ifdef USE_LIBNUMA
+	cpu = sched_getcpu();
+
+	if (cpu < 0)
+		elog(ERROR, "sched_getcpu failed: %m");
+
+	node = numa_node_of_cpu(cpu);
+#else
+	cpu = MyProcPid;
+	node = 0;
+#endif
+
+	Assert(StrategyControl->num_partitions ==
+		   (StrategyControl->num_nodes * StrategyControl->num_partitions_per_node));
+
+	/*
+	 * XXX We should't get nodes that we haven't considered while building the
+	 * partitions. Maybe if we allow this (e.g. due to support adjusting the
+	 * NUMA stuff at runtime), we should just do our best to minimize the
+	 * conflicts somehow. But it'll make the mapping harder, so for now we
+	 * ignore it.
+	 */
+	if (node > StrategyControl->num_nodes)
+		elog(ERROR, "node out of range: %d > %u", cpu, StrategyControl->num_nodes);
+
+	/*
+	 * Find the partition. If we have a single partition per node, we can
+	 * calculate the index directly from node. Otherwise we need to do two
+	 * steps, using node and then cpu.
+	 */
+	if (StrategyControl->num_partitions_per_node == 1)
+	{
+		/* fast-path */
+		index = (node % StrategyControl->num_partitions);
+	}
+	else
+	{
+		int			index_group,
+					index_part;
+
+		/* two steps - calculate group from node, partition from cpu */
+		index_group = (node % StrategyControl->num_nodes);
+		index_part = (cpu % StrategyControl->num_partitions_per_node);
+
+		index = (index_group * StrategyControl->num_partitions_per_node)
+			+ index_part;
+	}
+
+	return index;
+}
+
+/*
+ * ChooseClockSweep
+ *		pick a clocksweep partition based on NUMA node and CPU
+ *
+ * The number of clocksweep partitions may not match the number of NUMA
+ * nodes, but it should not be lower. Each partition should be mapped to
+ * a single NUMA node, but a node may have multiple partitions. If there
+ * are multiple partitions per node (all nodes have the same number of
+ * partitions), we pick the partition using CPU.
+ *
+ * XXX Maybe we should do both the total and "per group" counts a power of
+ * two? That'd allow using shifts instead of divisions in the calculation,
+ * and that's cheaper. But how would that deal with odd number of nodes?
+ */
+static ClockSweep *
+ChooseClockSweep(void)
+{
+	int			index = calculate_partition_index();
+
+	return &StrategyControl->sweeps[index];
 }
 
 /*
@@ -222,9 +365,35 @@ StrategyGetBuffer(BufferAccessStrategy strategy, uint32 *buf_state, bool *from_r
 	 * the rate of buffer consumption.  Note that buffers recycled by a
 	 * strategy object are intentionally not counted here.
 	 */
-	pg_atomic_fetch_add_u32(&StrategyControl->numBufferAllocs, 1);
+	pg_atomic_fetch_add_u32(&ChooseClockSweep()->numBufferAllocs, 1);
 
-	/* Use the "clock sweep" algorithm to find a free buffer */
+	/*
+	 * Use the "clock sweep" algorithm to find a free buffer
+	 *
+	 * XXX Note that ClockSweepTick() is NUMA-aware, i.e. it only looks at
+	 * buffers from a single partition, aligned with the NUMA node. That means
+	 * it only accesses buffers from the same NUMA node.
+	 *
+	 * XXX That also means each process "sweeps" only a fraction of buffers,
+	 * even if the other buffers are better candidates for eviction. Maybe
+	 * there should be some logic to "steal" buffers from other freelists or
+	 * other nodes?
+	 *
+	 * XXX Would that also mean we'd have multiple bgwriters, one for each
+	 * node, or would one bgwriter handle all of that?
+	 *
+	 * XXX This only searches a single partition, which can result in "no
+	 * unpinned buffers available" even if there are buffers in other
+	 * partitions. Should be fixed by falling back to other partitions if
+	 * needed.
+	 *
+	 * XXX Also, the trycounter should not be set to NBuffers, but to buffer
+	 * count for that one partition. In fact, this should not call ClockSweepTick
+	 * for every iteration. The call is likely quite expensive (does a lot
+	 * of stuff), and also may return a different partition on each call.
+	 * We should just do it once, and then do the for(;;) loop. And then
+	 * maybe advance to the next partition, until we scan through all of them.
+	 */
 	trycounter = NBuffers;
 	for (;;)
 	{
@@ -269,6 +438,46 @@ StrategyGetBuffer(BufferAccessStrategy strategy, uint32 *buf_state, bool *from_r
 	}
 }
 
+/*
+ * StrategySyncPrepare -- prepare for sync of all partitions
+ *
+ * Determine the number of clocksweep partitions, and calculate the recent
+ * buffers allocs (as a sum of all the partitions). This allows BgBufferSync
+ * to calculate average number of allocations per partition for the next
+ * sync cycle.
+ *
+ * In addition it returns the count of recent buffer allocs, which is a total
+ * summed from all partitions. The alloc counts are reset after being read,
+ * as the partitions are walked.
+ */
+void
+StrategySyncPrepare(int *num_parts, uint32 *num_buf_alloc)
+{
+	*num_buf_alloc = 0;
+	*num_parts = StrategyControl->num_partitions;
+
+	/*
+	 * We lock the partitions one by one, so not exacly in sync, but that
+	 * should be fine. We're only looking for heuristics anyway.
+	 */
+	for (int i = 0; i < StrategyControl->num_partitions; i++)
+	{
+		ClockSweep *sweep = &StrategyControl->sweeps[i];
+
+		SpinLockAcquire(&sweep->clock_sweep_lock);
+		if (num_buf_alloc)
+		{
+			uint32	allocs = pg_atomic_exchange_u32(&sweep->numBufferAllocs, 0);
+
+			/* include the count in the running total */
+			pg_atomic_fetch_add_u64(&sweep->numTotalAllocs, allocs);
+
+			*num_buf_alloc += allocs;
+		}
+		SpinLockRelease(&sweep->clock_sweep_lock);
+	}
+}
+
 /*
  * StrategySyncStart -- tell BgBufferSync where to start syncing
  *
@@ -276,37 +485,44 @@ StrategyGetBuffer(BufferAccessStrategy strategy, uint32 *buf_state, bool *from_r
  * BgBufferSync() will proceed circularly around the buffer array from there.
  *
  * In addition, we return the completed-pass count (which is effectively
- * the higher-order bits of nextVictimBuffer) and the count of recent buffer
- * allocs if non-NULL pointers are passed.  The alloc count is reset after
- * being read.
+ * the higher-order bits of nextVictimBuffer).
+ *
+ * This only considers a single clocksweep partition, as BgBufferSync looks
+ * at them one by one.
  */
 int
-StrategySyncStart(uint32 *complete_passes, uint32 *num_buf_alloc)
+StrategySyncStart(int partition, uint32 *complete_passes,
+				  int *first_buffer, int *num_buffers)
 {
 	uint32		nextVictimBuffer;
 	int			result;
+	ClockSweep *sweep = &StrategyControl->sweeps[partition];
 
-	SpinLockAcquire(&StrategyControl->buffer_strategy_lock);
-	nextVictimBuffer = pg_atomic_read_u32(&StrategyControl->nextVictimBuffer);
-	result = nextVictimBuffer % NBuffers;
+	Assert((partition >= 0) && (partition < StrategyControl->num_partitions));
+
+	SpinLockAcquire(&sweep->clock_sweep_lock);
+	nextVictimBuffer = pg_atomic_read_u32(&sweep->nextVictimBuffer);
+	result = nextVictimBuffer % sweep->numBuffers;
+
+	*first_buffer = sweep->firstBuffer;
+	*num_buffers = sweep->numBuffers;
 
 	if (complete_passes)
 	{
-		*complete_passes = StrategyControl->completePasses;
+		*complete_passes = sweep->completePasses;
 
 		/*
 		 * Additionally add the number of wraparounds that happened before
 		 * completePasses could be incremented. C.f. ClockSweepTick().
 		 */
-		*complete_passes += nextVictimBuffer / NBuffers;
+		*complete_passes += nextVictimBuffer / sweep->numBuffers;
 	}
+	SpinLockRelease(&sweep->clock_sweep_lock);
 
-	if (num_buf_alloc)
-	{
-		*num_buf_alloc = pg_atomic_exchange_u32(&StrategyControl->numBufferAllocs, 0);
-	}
-	SpinLockRelease(&StrategyControl->buffer_strategy_lock);
-	return result;
+	/* XXX buffer IDs start at 1, we're calculating 0-based indexes */
+	Assert(BufferIsValid(1 + sweep->firstBuffer + result));
+
+	return sweep->firstBuffer + result;
 }
 
 /*
@@ -343,6 +559,9 @@ Size
 StrategyShmemSize(void)
 {
 	Size		size = 0;
+	int			num_partitions;
+
+	BufferPartitionParams(&num_partitions, NULL);
 
 	/* size of lookup hash table ... see comment in StrategyInitialize */
 	size = add_size(size, BufTableShmemSize(NBuffers + NUM_BUFFER_PARTITIONS));
@@ -350,6 +569,10 @@ StrategyShmemSize(void)
 	/* size of the shared replacement strategy control block */
 	size = add_size(size, MAXALIGN(sizeof(BufferStrategyControl)));
 
+	/* size of clocksweep partitions (at least one per NUMA node) */
+	size = add_size(size, MAXALIGN(mul_size(sizeof(ClockSweep),
+											num_partitions)));
+
 	return size;
 }
 
@@ -365,6 +588,18 @@ StrategyInitialize(bool init)
 {
 	bool		found;
 
+	int			num_nodes;
+	int			num_partitions;
+	int			num_partitions_per_node;
+
+	num_partitions = BufferPartitionCount();
+	num_nodes = BufferPartitionNodes();
+
+	/* always a multiple of NUMA nodes */
+	Assert(num_partitions % num_nodes == 0);
+
+	num_partitions_per_node = (num_partitions / num_nodes);
+
 	/*
 	 * Initialize the shared buffer lookup hashtable.
 	 *
@@ -382,7 +617,8 @@ StrategyInitialize(bool init)
 	 */
 	StrategyControl = (BufferStrategyControl *)
 		ShmemInitStruct("Buffer Strategy Status",
-						sizeof(BufferStrategyControl),
+						MAXALIGN(offsetof(BufferStrategyControl, sweeps)) +
+						MAXALIGN(sizeof(ClockSweep) * num_partitions),
 						&found);
 
 	if (!found)
@@ -394,15 +630,44 @@ StrategyInitialize(bool init)
 
 		SpinLockInit(&StrategyControl->buffer_strategy_lock);
 
-		/* Initialize the clock-sweep pointer */
-		pg_atomic_init_u32(&StrategyControl->nextVictimBuffer, 0);
+		/* Initialize the clock sweep pointers (for all partitions) */
+		for (int i = 0; i < num_partitions; i++)
+		{
+			int			node,
+						num_buffers,
+						first_buffer,
+						last_buffer;
+
+			SpinLockInit(&StrategyControl->sweeps[i].clock_sweep_lock);
+
+			pg_atomic_init_u32(&StrategyControl->sweeps[i].nextVictimBuffer, 0);
 
-		/* Clear statistics */
-		StrategyControl->completePasses = 0;
-		pg_atomic_init_u32(&StrategyControl->numBufferAllocs, 0);
+			/* get info about the buffer partition */
+			BufferPartitionGet(i, &node, &num_buffers,
+							   &first_buffer, &last_buffer);
+
+			/*
+			 * FIXME This may not quite right, because if NBuffers is not a
+			 * perfect multiple of numBuffers, the last partition will have
+			 * numBuffers set too high. buf_init handles this by tracking the
+			 * remaining number of buffers, and not overflowing.
+			 */
+			StrategyControl->sweeps[i].numBuffers = num_buffers;
+			StrategyControl->sweeps[i].firstBuffer = first_buffer;
+
+			/* Clear statistics */
+			StrategyControl->sweeps[i].completePasses = 0;
+			pg_atomic_init_u32(&StrategyControl->sweeps[i].numBufferAllocs, 0);
+			pg_atomic_init_u64(&StrategyControl->sweeps[i].numTotalAllocs, 0);
+		}
 
 		/* No pending notification */
 		StrategyControl->bgwprocno = -1;
+
+		/* initialize the partitioned clocksweep */
+		StrategyControl->num_partitions = num_partitions;
+		StrategyControl->num_nodes = num_nodes;
+		StrategyControl->num_partitions_per_node = num_partitions_per_node;
 	}
 	else
 		Assert(!init);
@@ -739,3 +1004,23 @@ StrategyRejectBuffer(BufferAccessStrategy strategy, BufferDesc *buf, bool from_r
 
 	return true;
 }
+
+void
+ClockSweepPartitionGetInfo(int idx,
+						   uint32 *complete_passes, uint32 *next_victim_buffer,
+						   uint64 *buffer_total_allocs, uint32 *buffer_allocs)
+{
+	ClockSweep *sweep = &StrategyControl->sweeps[idx];
+
+	Assert((idx >= 0) && (idx < StrategyControl->num_partitions));
+
+	/* get the clocksweep stats */
+	*complete_passes = sweep->completePasses;
+	*next_victim_buffer = pg_atomic_read_u32(&sweep->nextVictimBuffer);
+
+	*buffer_allocs = pg_atomic_read_u32(&sweep->numBufferAllocs);
+	*buffer_total_allocs = pg_atomic_read_u64(&sweep->numTotalAllocs);
+
+	/* calculate the actual buffer ID */
+	*next_victim_buffer = sweep->firstBuffer + (*next_victim_buffer % sweep->numBuffers);
+}
diff --git a/src/include/storage/buf_internals.h b/src/include/storage/buf_internals.h
index 294188e21c5..5cce690933b 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/buf_internals.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/buf_internals.h
@@ -439,7 +439,9 @@ extern BufferDesc *StrategyGetBuffer(BufferAccessStrategy strategy,
 extern bool StrategyRejectBuffer(BufferAccessStrategy strategy,
 								 BufferDesc *buf, bool from_ring);
 
-extern int	StrategySyncStart(uint32 *complete_passes, uint32 *num_buf_alloc);
+extern void StrategySyncPrepare(int *num_parts, uint32 *num_buf_alloc);
+extern int	StrategySyncStart(int partition, uint32 *complete_passes,
+							  int *first_buffer, int *num_buffers);
 extern void StrategyNotifyBgWriter(int bgwprocno);
 
 extern Size StrategyShmemSize(void);
@@ -485,5 +487,6 @@ extern int	BufferPartitionCount(void);
 extern int	BufferPartitionNodes(void);
 extern void BufferPartitionGet(int idx, int *node, int *num_buffers,
 							   int *first_buffer, int *last_buffer);
+extern void BufferPartitionParams(int *num_partitions, int *num_nodes);
 
 #endif							/* BUFMGR_INTERNALS_H */
diff --git a/src/include/storage/bufmgr.h b/src/include/storage/bufmgr.h
index 1618caf1c2c..7d66e8276cd 100644
--- a/src/include/storage/bufmgr.h
+++ b/src/include/storage/bufmgr.h
@@ -355,6 +355,11 @@ extern int	GetAccessStrategyBufferCount(BufferAccessStrategy strategy);
 extern int	GetAccessStrategyPinLimit(BufferAccessStrategy strategy);
 
 extern void FreeAccessStrategy(BufferAccessStrategy strategy);
+extern void ClockSweepPartitionGetInfo(int idx,
+									   uint32 *complete_passes,
+									   uint32 *next_victim_buffer,
+									   uint64 *buffer_total_allocs,
+									   uint32 *buffer_allocs);
 
 
 /* inline functions */
diff --git a/src/test/recovery/t/027_stream_regress.pl b/src/test/recovery/t/027_stream_regress.pl
index 589c79d97d3..98b146ed4b7 100644
--- a/src/test/recovery/t/027_stream_regress.pl
+++ b/src/test/recovery/t/027_stream_regress.pl
@@ -18,6 +18,11 @@ $node_primary->adjust_conf('postgresql.conf', 'max_connections', '25');
 $node_primary->append_conf('postgresql.conf',
 	'max_prepared_transactions = 10');
 
+# The default is 1MB, which is not enough with clock-sweep partitioning.
+# Increase to 32MB, so that we don't get "no unpinned buffers".
+$node_primary->append_conf('postgresql.conf',
+	'shared_buffers = 32MB');
+
 # Enable pg_stat_statements to force tests to do query jumbling.
 # pg_stat_statements.max should be large enough to hold all the entries
 # of the regression database.
diff --git a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
index b3f0504008e..2b7ce2d0b9f 100644
--- a/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
+++ b/src/tools/pgindent/typedefs.list
@@ -427,6 +427,7 @@ ClientCertName
 ClientConnectionInfo
 ClientData
 ClientSocket
+ClockSweep
 ClonePtrType
 ClosePortalStmt
 ClosePtrType
-- 
2.51.0