v12-0004-TEST-initdb-option-to-initialize-cluster-with-no.patch

From b7d6cd34aec728dd143f04d44b416896183267fb Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001
From: Maxim Orlov <m.orlov@postgrespro.ru>
Date: Wed, 4 May 2022 15:53:36 +0300
Subject: [PATCH v12 4/7] TEST: initdb option to initialize cluster with
 non-standard xid/mxid/mxoff

To date testing database cluster wraparund was not easy as initdb has always
inited it with default xid/mxid/mxoff. The option to specify any valid
xid/mxid/mxoff at cluster startup will make these things easier.

Author: Maxim Orlov <orlovmg@gmail.com>
Author: Pavel Borisov <pashkin.elfe@gmail.com>
Author: Svetlana Derevyanko <s.derevyanko@postgrespro.ru>
Discussion: https://www.postgresql.org/message-id/flat/CACG%3Dezaa4vqYjJ16yoxgrpa-%3DgXnf0Vv3Ey9bjGrRRFN2YyWFQ%40mail.gmail.com
---
 src/backend/access/transam/clog.c      |  21 +++++
 src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c |  53 ++++++++++++
 src/backend/access/transam/subtrans.c  |   8 +-
 src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c      |  15 ++--
 src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c      |  50 +++++++++++-
 src/backend/main/main.c                |   6 ++
 src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c    |  14 +++-
 src/backend/tcop/postgres.c            |  53 +++++++++++-
 src/bin/initdb/initdb.c                | 107 ++++++++++++++++++++++++-
 src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl         |  60 ++++++++++++++
 src/include/access/xlog.h              |   3 +
 src/include/c.h                        |   4 +
 src/include/catalog/pg_class.h         |   2 +-
 13 files changed, 382 insertions(+), 14 deletions(-)

diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/clog.c b/src/backend/access/transam/clog.c
index 0d556c00b8..89516e9f52 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/clog.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/clog.c
@@ -834,6 +834,7 @@ BootStrapCLOG(void)
 {
 	int			slotno;
 	LWLock	   *lock = SimpleLruGetBankLock(XactCtl, 0);
+	int64		pageno;
 
 	LWLockAcquire(lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
@@ -844,6 +845,26 @@ BootStrapCLOG(void)
 	SimpleLruWritePage(XactCtl, slotno);
 	Assert(!XactCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);
 
+	pageno = TransactionIdToPage(XidFromFullTransactionId(TransamVariables->nextXid));
+	if (pageno != 0)
+	{
+		LWLock *nextlock = SimpleLruGetBankLock(XactCtl, pageno);
+
+		if (nextlock != lock)
+		{
+			LWLockRelease(lock);
+			LWLockAcquire(nextlock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+			lock = nextlock;
+		}
+
+		/* Create and zero the first page of the commit log */
+		slotno = ZeroCLOGPage(pageno, false);
+
+		/* Make sure it's written out */
+		SimpleLruWritePage(XactCtl, slotno);
+		Assert(!XactCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);
+	}
+
 	LWLockRelease(lock);
 }
 
diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c b/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c
index d63ae17330..70c9d2f6ee 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/multixact.c
@@ -1815,6 +1815,7 @@ BootStrapMultiXact(void)
 {
 	int			slotno;
 	LWLock	   *lock;
+	int64		pageno;
 
 	lock = SimpleLruGetBankLock(MultiXactOffsetCtl, 0);
 	LWLockAcquire(lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
@@ -1826,6 +1827,26 @@ BootStrapMultiXact(void)
 	SimpleLruWritePage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, slotno);
 	Assert(!MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);
 
+	pageno = MultiXactIdToOffsetPage(MultiXactState->nextMXact);
+	if (pageno != 0)
+	{
+		LWLock *nextlock = SimpleLruGetBankLock(MultiXactOffsetCtl, pageno);
+
+		if (nextlock != lock)
+		{
+			LWLockRelease(lock);
+			LWLockAcquire(nextlock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+			lock = nextlock;
+		}
+
+		/* Create and zero the first page of the offsets log */
+		slotno = ZeroMultiXactOffsetPage(pageno, false);
+
+		/* Make sure it's written out */
+		SimpleLruWritePage(MultiXactOffsetCtl, slotno);
+		Assert(!MultiXactOffsetCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);
+	}
+
 	LWLockRelease(lock);
 
 	lock = SimpleLruGetBankLock(MultiXactMemberCtl, 0);
@@ -1838,7 +1859,39 @@ BootStrapMultiXact(void)
 	SimpleLruWritePage(MultiXactMemberCtl, slotno);
 	Assert(!MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);
 
+	pageno = MXOffsetToMemberPage(MultiXactState->nextOffset);
+	if (pageno != 0)
+	{
+		LWLock *nextlock = SimpleLruGetBankLock(MultiXactMemberCtl, pageno);
+
+		if (nextlock != lock)
+		{
+			LWLockRelease(lock);
+			LWLockAcquire(nextlock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
+			lock = nextlock;
+		}
+
+		/* Create and zero the first page of the members log */
+		slotno = ZeroMultiXactMemberPage(pageno, false);
+
+		/* Make sure it's written out */
+		SimpleLruWritePage(MultiXactMemberCtl, slotno);
+		Assert(!MultiXactMemberCtl->shared->page_dirty[slotno]);
+	}
+
 	LWLockRelease(lock);
+
+	/*
+	 * If we're starting not from zero offset, initilize dummy multixact to
+	 * evade too long loop in PerformMembersTruncation().
+	 */
+	if (MultiXactState->nextOffset > 0 && MultiXactState->nextMXact > 0)
+	{
+		RecordNewMultiXact(FirstMultiXactId,
+						   MultiXactState->nextOffset, 0, NULL);
+		RecordNewMultiXact(MultiXactState->nextMXact,
+						   MultiXactState->nextOffset, 0, NULL);
+	}
 }
 
 /*
diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/subtrans.c b/src/backend/access/transam/subtrans.c
index 15153618fa..218675fa60 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/subtrans.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/subtrans.c
@@ -270,12 +270,16 @@ void
 BootStrapSUBTRANS(void)
 {
 	int			slotno;
-	LWLock	   *lock = SimpleLruGetBankLock(SubTransCtl, 0);
+	LWLock	   *lock;
+	int64		pageno;
+
+	pageno = TransactionIdToPage(XidFromFullTransactionId(TransamVariables->nextXid));
+	lock = SimpleLruGetBankLock(SubTransCtl, pageno);
 
 	LWLockAcquire(lock, LW_EXCLUSIVE);
 
 	/* Create and zero the first page of the subtrans log */
-	slotno = ZeroSUBTRANSPage(0);
+	slotno = ZeroSUBTRANSPage(pageno);
 
 	/* Make sure it's written out */
 	SimpleLruWritePage(SubTransCtl, slotno);
diff --git a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
index a813a090fa..9f78a3e34a 100644
--- a/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
+++ b/src/backend/access/transam/xlog.c
@@ -136,6 +136,10 @@ int			max_slot_wal_keep_size_mb = -1;
 int			wal_decode_buffer_size = 512 * 1024;
 bool		track_wal_io_timing = false;
 
+TransactionId		start_xid = FirstNormalTransactionId;
+MultiXactId			start_mxid = FirstMultiXactId;
+MultiXactOffset		start_mxoff = 0;
+
 #ifdef WAL_DEBUG
 bool		XLOG_DEBUG = false;
 #endif
@@ -5080,13 +5084,14 @@ BootStrapXLOG(uint32 data_checksum_version)
 	checkPoint.fullPageWrites = fullPageWrites;
 	checkPoint.wal_level = wal_level;
 	checkPoint.nextXid =
-		FullTransactionIdFromEpochAndXid(0, FirstNormalTransactionId);
+		FullTransactionIdFromEpochAndXid(0, Max(FirstNormalTransactionId,
+												start_xid));
 	checkPoint.nextOid = FirstGenbkiObjectId;
-	checkPoint.nextMulti = FirstMultiXactId;
-	checkPoint.nextMultiOffset = 1;
-	checkPoint.oldestXid = FirstNormalTransactionId;
+	checkPoint.nextMulti = Max(FirstMultiXactId, start_mxid);
+	checkPoint.nextMultiOffset = Max(1, start_mxoff);
+	checkPoint.oldestXid = XidFromFullTransactionId(checkPoint.nextXid);
 	checkPoint.oldestXidDB = Template1DbOid;
-	checkPoint.oldestMulti = FirstMultiXactId;
+	checkPoint.oldestMulti = checkPoint.nextMulti;
 	checkPoint.oldestMultiDB = Template1DbOid;
 	checkPoint.oldestCommitTsXid = InvalidTransactionId;
 	checkPoint.newestCommitTsXid = InvalidTransactionId;
diff --git a/src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c b/src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c
index 359f58a8f9..b697138b7e 100644
--- a/src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c
+++ b/src/backend/bootstrap/bootstrap.c
@@ -218,7 +218,7 @@ BootstrapModeMain(int argc, char *argv[], bool check_only)
 	argv++;
 	argc--;
 
-	while ((flag = getopt(argc, argv, "B:c:d:D:Fkr:X:-:")) != -1)
+	while ((flag = getopt(argc, argv, "B:c:d:D:Fkm:o:r:X:x:-:")) != -1)
 	{
 		switch (flag)
 		{
@@ -286,12 +286,60 @@ BootstrapModeMain(int argc, char *argv[], bool check_only)
 			case 'k':
 				bootstrap_data_checksum_version = PG_DATA_CHECKSUM_VERSION;
 				break;
+			case 'm':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_mxid = strtou64(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartMultiXactIdIsValid(start_mxid))
+					{
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+								 errmsg("invalid initial database cluster multixact id")));
+					}
+				}
+				break;
+			case 'o':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_mxoff = strtou64(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartMultiXactOffsetIsValid(start_mxoff))
+					{
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+								 errmsg("invalid initial database cluster multixact offset")));
+					}
+				}
+				break;
 			case 'r':
 				strlcpy(OutputFileName, optarg, MAXPGPATH);
 				break;
 			case 'X':
 				SetConfigOption("wal_segment_size", optarg, PGC_INTERNAL, PGC_S_DYNAMIC_DEFAULT);
 				break;
+			case 'x':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_xid = strtou64(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartTransactionIdIsValid(start_xid))
+					{
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+								 errmsg("invalid initial database cluster xid value")));
+					}
+				}
+				break;
 			default:
 				write_stderr("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n",
 							 progname);
diff --git a/src/backend/main/main.c b/src/backend/main/main.c
index e8effe5024..ff252dffbd 100644
--- a/src/backend/main/main.c
+++ b/src/backend/main/main.c
@@ -426,12 +426,18 @@ help(const char *progname)
 	printf(_("  -E                 echo statement before execution\n"));
 	printf(_("  -j                 do not use newline as interactive query delimiter\n"));
 	printf(_("  -r FILENAME        send stdout and stderr to given file\n"));
+	printf(_("  -m START_MXID      set initial database cluster multixact id\n"));
+	printf(_("  -o START_MXOFF     set initial database cluster multixact offset\n"));
+	printf(_("  -x START_XID       set initial database cluster xid\n"));
 
 	printf(_("\nOptions for bootstrapping mode:\n"));
 	printf(_("  --boot             selects bootstrapping mode (must be first argument)\n"));
 	printf(_("  --check            selects check mode (must be first argument)\n"));
 	printf(_("  DBNAME             database name (mandatory argument in bootstrapping mode)\n"));
 	printf(_("  -r FILENAME        send stdout and stderr to given file\n"));
+	printf(_("  -m START_MXID      set initial database cluster multixact id\n"));
+	printf(_("  -o START_MXOFF     set initial database cluster multixact offset\n"));
+	printf(_("  -x START_XID       set initial database cluster xid\n"));
 
 	printf(_("\nPlease read the documentation for the complete list of run-time\n"
 			 "configuration settings and how to set them on the command line or in\n"
diff --git a/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c b/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
index 5f615d0f60..9f6bc6e33d 100644
--- a/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
+++ b/src/backend/postmaster/postmaster.c
@@ -578,7 +578,7 @@ PostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 	 * tcop/postgres.c (the option sets should not conflict) and with the
 	 * common help() function in main/main.c.
 	 */
-	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "B:bC:c:D:d:EeFf:h:ijk:lN:OPp:r:S:sTt:W:-:")) != -1)
+	while ((opt = getopt(argc, argv, "B:bC:c:D:d:EeFf:h:ijk:lm:N:Oo:Pp:r:S:sTt:W:x:-:")) != -1)
 	{
 		switch (opt)
 		{
@@ -688,10 +688,18 @@ PostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 				SetConfigOption("max_connections", optarg, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
 				break;
 
+			case 'm':
+				/* only used by single-user backend */
+				break;
+
 			case 'O':
 				SetConfigOption("allow_system_table_mods", "true", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
 				break;
 
+			case 'o':
+				/* only used by single-user backend */
+				break;
+
 			case 'P':
 				SetConfigOption("ignore_system_indexes", "true", PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
 				break;
@@ -742,6 +750,10 @@ PostmasterMain(int argc, char *argv[])
 				SetConfigOption("post_auth_delay", optarg, PGC_POSTMASTER, PGC_S_ARGV);
 				break;
 
+			case 'x':
+				/* only used by single-user backend */
+				break;
+
 			default:
 				write_stderr("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.\n",
 							 progname);
diff --git a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
index 5655348a2e..9c170f4906 100644
--- a/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
+++ b/src/backend/tcop/postgres.c
@@ -3788,7 +3788,7 @@ process_postgres_switches(int argc, char *argv[], GucContext ctx,
 	 * postmaster/postmaster.c (the option sets should not conflict) and with
 	 * the common help() function in main/main.c.
 	 */
-	while ((flag = getopt(argc, argv, "B:bC:c:D:d:EeFf:h:ijk:lN:nOPp:r:S:sTt:v:W:-:")) != -1)
+	while ((flag = getopt(argc, argv, "B:bC:c:D:d:EeFf:h:ijk:lm:N:nOo:Pp:r:S:sTt:v:W:x:-:")) != -1)
 	{
 		switch (flag)
 		{
@@ -3893,6 +3893,23 @@ process_postgres_switches(int argc, char *argv[], GucContext ctx,
 				SetConfigOption("ssl", "true", ctx, gucsource);
 				break;
 
+			case 'm':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_mxid = strtou64(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartMultiXactIdIsValid(start_mxid))
+					{
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+								 errmsg("invalid initial database cluster multixact id")));
+					}
+				}
+				break;
+
 			case 'N':
 				SetConfigOption("max_connections", optarg, ctx, gucsource);
 				break;
@@ -3905,6 +3922,23 @@ process_postgres_switches(int argc, char *argv[], GucContext ctx,
 				SetConfigOption("allow_system_table_mods", "true", ctx, gucsource);
 				break;
 
+			case 'o':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_mxoff = strtou64(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartMultiXactOffsetIsValid(start_mxoff))
+					{
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+								 errmsg("invalid initial database cluster multixact offset")));
+					}
+				}
+				break;
+
 			case 'P':
 				SetConfigOption("ignore_system_indexes", "true", ctx, gucsource);
 				break;
@@ -3959,6 +3993,23 @@ process_postgres_switches(int argc, char *argv[], GucContext ctx,
 				SetConfigOption("post_auth_delay", optarg, ctx, gucsource);
 				break;
 
+			case 'x':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_xid = strtou64(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartTransactionIdIsValid(start_xid))
+					{
+						ereport(ERROR,
+								(errcode(ERRCODE_SYNTAX_ERROR),
+								 errmsg("invalid initial database cluster xid")));
+					}
+				}
+				break;
+
 			default:
 				errs++;
 				break;
diff --git a/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c b/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
index 101c780012..336ec9cdde 100644
--- a/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
+++ b/src/bin/initdb/initdb.c
@@ -168,6 +168,9 @@ static bool data_checksums = true;
 static char *xlog_dir = NULL;
 static int	wal_segment_size_mb = (DEFAULT_XLOG_SEG_SIZE) / (1024 * 1024);
 static DataDirSyncMethod sync_method = DATA_DIR_SYNC_METHOD_FSYNC;
+static TransactionId start_xid = 0;
+static MultiXactId start_mxid = 0;
+static MultiXactOffset start_mxoff = 0;
 
 
 /* internal vars */
@@ -1596,6 +1599,11 @@ bootstrap_template1(void)
 	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "POSTGRES",
 							  escape_quotes_bki(username));
 
+	/* relfrozenxid must not be less than FirstNormalTransactionId */
+	sprintf(buf, "%llu", (unsigned long long) Max(start_xid, 3));
+	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "RECENTXMIN",
+							  buf);
+
 	bki_lines = replace_token(bki_lines, "ENCODING",
 							  encodingid_to_string(encodingid));
 
@@ -1621,6 +1629,9 @@ bootstrap_template1(void)
 
 	printfPQExpBuffer(&cmd, "\"%s\" --boot %s %s", backend_exec, boot_options, extra_options);
 	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -X %d", wal_segment_size_mb * (1024 * 1024));
+	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -m %llu", (unsigned long long) start_mxid);
+	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -o %llu", (unsigned long long) start_mxoff);
+	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -x %llu", (unsigned long long) start_xid);
 	if (data_checksums)
 		appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -k");
 	if (debug)
@@ -2560,12 +2571,20 @@ usage(const char *progname)
 	printf(_("  -d, --debug               generate lots of debugging output\n"));
 	printf(_("      --discard-caches      set debug_discard_caches=1\n"));
 	printf(_("  -L DIRECTORY              where to find the input files\n"));
+	printf(_("  -m, --multixact-id=START_MXID\n"
+			 "                            set initial database cluster multixact id\n"
+			 "                            max value is 2^62-1\n"));
 	printf(_("  -n, --no-clean            do not clean up after errors\n"));
 	printf(_("  -N, --no-sync             do not wait for changes to be written safely to disk\n"));
 	printf(_("      --no-instructions     do not print instructions for next steps\n"));
+	printf(_("  -o, --multixact-offset=START_MXOFF\n"
+			 "                            set initial database cluster multixact offset\n"
+			 "                            max value is 2^62-1\n"));
 	printf(_("  -s, --show                show internal settings, then exit\n"));
 	printf(_("      --sync-method=METHOD  set method for syncing files to disk\n"));
 	printf(_("  -S, --sync-only           only sync database files to disk, then exit\n"));
+	printf(_("  -x, --xid=START_XID       set initial database cluster xid\n"
+			 "                            max value is 2^62-1\n"));
 	printf(_("\nOther options:\n"));
 	printf(_("  -V, --version             output version information, then exit\n"));
 	printf(_("  -?, --help                show this help, then exit\n"));
@@ -3107,6 +3126,18 @@ initialize_data_directory(void)
 	/* Now create all the text config files */
 	setup_config();
 
+	if (start_mxid != 0)
+		printf(_("selecting initial multixact id ... %llu\n"),
+				 (unsigned long long) start_mxid);
+
+	if (start_mxoff != 0)
+		printf(_("selecting initial multixact offset ... %llu\n"),
+				 (unsigned long long) start_mxoff);
+
+	if (start_xid != 0)
+		printf(_("selecting initial xid ... %llu\n"),
+				 (unsigned long long) start_xid);
+
 	/* Bootstrap template1 */
 	bootstrap_template1();
 
@@ -3123,8 +3154,12 @@ initialize_data_directory(void)
 	fflush(stdout);
 
 	initPQExpBuffer(&cmd);
-	printfPQExpBuffer(&cmd, "\"%s\" %s %s template1 >%s",
-					  backend_exec, backend_options, extra_options, DEVNULL);
+	printfPQExpBuffer(&cmd, "\"%s\" %s %s",
+					  backend_exec, backend_options, extra_options);
+	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -m %llu", (unsigned long long) start_mxid);
+	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -o %llu", (unsigned long long) start_mxoff);
+	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " -x %llu", (unsigned long long) start_xid);
+	appendPQExpBuffer(&cmd, " template1 >%s", DEVNULL);
 
 	PG_CMD_OPEN(cmd.data);
 
@@ -3211,6 +3246,9 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 		{"icu-rules", required_argument, NULL, 18},
 		{"sync-method", required_argument, NULL, 19},
 		{"no-data-checksums", no_argument, NULL, 20},
+		{"xid", required_argument, NULL, 'x'},
+		{"multixact-id", required_argument, NULL, 'm'},
+		{"multixact-offset", required_argument, NULL, 'o'},
 		{NULL, 0, NULL, 0}
 	};
 
@@ -3252,7 +3290,7 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 
 	/* process command-line options */
 
-	while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "A:c:dD:E:gkL:nNsST:U:WX:",
+	while ((c = getopt_long(argc, argv, "A:c:dD:E:gkL:m:nNo:sST:U:Wx:X:",
 							long_options, &option_index)) != -1)
 	{
 		switch (c)
@@ -3310,6 +3348,30 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 				debug = true;
 				printf(_("Running in debug mode.\n"));
 				break;
+			case 'm':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_mxid = strtou64(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartMultiXactIdIsValid(start_mxid))
+					{
+						pg_log_error("invalid initial database cluster multixact id");
+						exit(1);
+					}
+					else if (start_mxid < 1) /* FirstMultiXactId */
+					{
+						/*
+						 * We avoid mxid to be silently set to
+						 * FirstMultiXactId, though it does not harm.
+						 */
+						pg_log_error("multixact id should be greater than 0");
+						exit(1);
+					}
+				}
+				break;
 			case 'n':
 				noclean = true;
 				printf(_("Running in no-clean mode.  Mistakes will not be cleaned up.\n"));
@@ -3317,6 +3379,21 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 			case 'N':
 				do_sync = false;
 				break;
+			case 'o':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_mxoff = strtou64(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartMultiXactOffsetIsValid(start_mxoff))
+					{
+						pg_log_error("invalid initial database cluster multixact offset");
+						exit(1);
+					}
+				}
+				break;
 			case 'S':
 				sync_only = true;
 				break;
@@ -3405,6 +3482,30 @@ main(int argc, char *argv[])
 			case 20:
 				data_checksums = false;
 				break;
+			case 'x':
+				{
+					char	   *endptr;
+
+					errno = 0;
+					start_xid = strtou64(optarg, &endptr, 0);
+
+					if (endptr == optarg || *endptr != '\0' || errno != 0 ||
+						!StartTransactionIdIsValid(start_xid))
+					{
+						pg_log_error("invalid value for initial database cluster xid");
+						exit(1);
+					}
+					else if (start_xid < 3) /* FirstNormalTransactionId */
+					{
+						/*
+						 * We avoid xid to be silently set to
+						 * FirstNormalTransactionId, though it does not harm.
+						 */
+						pg_log_error("xid should be greater than 2");
+						exit(1);
+					}
+				}
+				break;
 			default:
 				/* getopt_long already emitted a complaint */
 				pg_log_error_hint("Try \"%s --help\" for more information.", progname);
diff --git a/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl b/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl
index f114c2a1b6..85a133280c 100644
--- a/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl
+++ b/src/bin/initdb/t/001_initdb.pl
@@ -282,4 +282,64 @@ command_fails(
 	[ 'pg_checksums', '-D', $datadir_nochecksums ],
 	"pg_checksums fails with data checksum disabled");
 
+# Set non-standard initial mxid/mxoff/xid.
+command_fails_like(
+	[ 'initdb', '-m', 'seven', $datadir ],
+	qr/initdb: error: invalid initial database cluster multixact id/,
+	'fails for invalid initial database cluster multixact id');
+command_fails_like(
+	[ 'initdb', '-o', 'seven', $datadir ],
+	qr/initdb: error: invalid initial database cluster multixact offset/,
+	'fails for invalid initial database cluster multixact offset');
+command_fails_like(
+	[ 'initdb', '-x', 'seven', $datadir ],
+	qr/initdb: error: invalid value for initial database cluster xid/,
+	'fails for invalid initial database cluster xid');
+
+command_checks_all(
+	[ 'initdb', '-m', '65535', "$tempdir/data-m65535" ],
+	0,
+	[qr/selecting initial multixact id ... 65535/],
+	[],
+	'selecting initial multixact id');
+command_checks_all(
+	[ 'initdb', '-o', '65535', "$tempdir/data-o65535" ],
+	0,
+	[qr/selecting initial multixact offset ... 65535/],
+	[],
+	'selecting initial multixact offset');
+command_checks_all(
+	[ 'initdb', '-x', '65535', "$tempdir/data-x65535" ],
+	0,
+	[qr/selecting initial xid ... 65535/],
+	[],
+	'selecting initial xid');
+
+# Setup new cluster with given mxid/mxoff/xid.
+my $node;
+my $result;
+
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('test-mxid');
+$node->init(extra => ['-m', '16777215']); # 0xFFFFFF
+$node->start;
+$result = $node->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT next_multixact_id FROM pg_control_checkpoint();");
+ok($result >= 16777215, 'setup cluster with given mxid');
+$node->stop;
+
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('test-mxoff');
+$node->init(extra => ['-o', '16777215']); # 0xFFFFFF
+$node->start;
+$result = $node->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT next_multi_offset FROM pg_control_checkpoint();");
+ok($result >= 16777215, 'setup cluster with given mxoff');
+$node->stop;
+
+$node = PostgreSQL::Test::Cluster->new('test-xid');
+$node->init(extra => ['-x', '16777215']); # 0xFFFFFF
+$node->start;
+$result = $node->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT txid_current();");
+ok($result >= 16777215, 'setup cluster with given xid - check 1');
+$result = $node->safe_psql('postgres', "SELECT oldest_xid FROM pg_control_checkpoint();");
+ok($result >= 16777215, 'setup cluster with given xid - check 2');
+$node->stop;
+
 done_testing();
diff --git a/src/include/access/xlog.h b/src/include/access/xlog.h
index 4411c1468a..8eb34846da 100644
--- a/src/include/access/xlog.h
+++ b/src/include/access/xlog.h
@@ -94,6 +94,9 @@ typedef enum RecoveryState
 } RecoveryState;
 
 extern PGDLLIMPORT int wal_level;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT TransactionId start_xid;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT MultiXactId start_mxid;
+extern PGDLLIMPORT MultiXactOffset start_mxoff;
 
 /* Is WAL archiving enabled (always or only while server is running normally)? */
 #define XLogArchivingActive() \
diff --git a/src/include/c.h b/src/include/c.h
index 318194f78d..4f2b5432e5 100644
--- a/src/include/c.h
+++ b/src/include/c.h
@@ -622,6 +622,10 @@ typedef uint64 MultiXactOffset;
 
 typedef uint32 CommandId;
 
+#define StartTransactionIdIsValid(xid)			((xid) <= 0xFFFFFFFF)
+#define StartMultiXactIdIsValid(mxid)			((mxid) <= 0xFFFFFFFF)
+#define StartMultiXactOffsetIsValid(offset)		((offset) <= 0xFFFFFFFF)
+
 #define FirstCommandId	((CommandId) 0)
 #define InvalidCommandId	(~(CommandId)0)
 
diff --git a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
index f0d612ca48..5c63290a72 100644
--- a/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
+++ b/src/include/catalog/pg_class.h
@@ -123,7 +123,7 @@ CATALOG(pg_class,1259,RelationRelationId) BKI_BOOTSTRAP BKI_ROWTYPE_OID(83,Relat
 	Oid			relrewrite BKI_DEFAULT(0) BKI_LOOKUP_OPT(pg_class);
 
 	/* all Xids < this are frozen in this rel */
-	TransactionId relfrozenxid BKI_DEFAULT(3);	/* FirstNormalTransactionId */
+	TransactionId relfrozenxid BKI_DEFAULT(RECENTXMIN);	/* FirstNormalTransactionId */
 
 	/* all multixacts in this rel are >= this; it is really a MultiXactId */
 	TransactionId relminmxid BKI_DEFAULT(1);	/* FirstMultiXactId */
-- 
2.43.0